Timeline: ESTE, Jeffrey: Byrne and Asimov Genealogy and Family Histories

1586 - 1657 (71 years)

	Date	Event(s)
1	1587	1587: Sprouts were believed to have been cultivated in Italy in Roman times, and possibly as early as the 1200s in Belgium but the modern Brussels sprout that we are familiar with was first cultivated in large quantities in Belgium (hence the name) 1587: Execution of Mary Queen of Scots; England at war with Spain; Drake destroys Spanish fleet at Cadiz
2	1588	1588: The Spanish Armada is defeated by the English fleet under Lord Howard of Effingham, Sir Francis Drake, and Sir John Hawkins: war between Spain and England continues until 1603
3	1590	1590: Zacharias and Hans Janssen combined double convex lenses in a tube, producing the first telescope.
4	1596	1596: The work of Dutch cartographer Abraham Ortelius suggests the possibility of continental drift, which will be described more forcefully by Alfred Wegener centuries later.
5	1597	1597: Cultivation of sweet potatoes was tried (probably unsuccessfully) by John Gerarde of London 1597: Irish rebellion under Hugh O'Neill, Earl of Tyrone (finally put down 1601)
6	1600	1600: William Gilbert, in 'De Magnete', held that the earth behaves like a giant magnet with its poles near the geographic poles. He coined the word 'electrica' (from the Greek word for amber, elektron), and distinguished electricity from magnetism. 1600: Elizabeth I grants charter to East India Company
7	1601	1601: Elizabethan Poor Law charges the parishes with providing for the needy; Essex attempts rebellion, and is executed
8	1603	1603: Elizabeth dies; James VI of Scotland becomes James I of England
9	1604	1604: Hampton Court Conference: no relaxation by the Church towards Puritans; James bans Jesuits; England and Spain make peace 1604: Cawdrey's A Table Alphabeticall, first English dictionary, is published
10	1605	1605: Gunpowder Plot; Guy Fawkes and other Roman Catholic conspirators fail in attempt to blow up Parliament and James I
11	1607	1607: Parliament rejects proposals for union between England and Scotland; colony of Virginia is founded at Jamestown by John Smith; Henry Hudson begins voyage to eastern Greenland and Hudson River
12	1609	1609: Galileo built a telescope with which he discovered the mountains on the moon, that the Milky Way consisted of innumerable stars, the four largest satellites of Jupiter, the phases of Venus, and sunspots. 1609: Henry Hudson explores present-day New York and Hudson River and claims them for the Dutch 1609: Avisa Relation oder Zeitung', world's first regular newspaper is published
13	1610	1610: Hudson Bay discovered
14	1611	1611: James I's authorized version (King James Version) of the Bible is completed; English and Scottish Protestant colonists settle in Ulster
15	1614	1614: James I dissolves the "Addled Parliament" which has failed to pass any legislation
16	1616	1616: Italian philosopher Lucilio Vanini suggests that humans descended from apes. For this heresy, he is burned alive three years later.
17	1618	1618: Thirty Years' War begins, lasts until 1648
18	1620	1620: Pilgrims land at Plymouth Rock on Cape Cod, Massachusetts, in the "Mayflower"; found New Plymouth
19	1622	1622: James I dissolves Parliament for asserting its right to debate foreign affairs 1622: Weekly News, first English newspaper, published.
20	1623	1623: Wilhelm Schickard built a six digit calculator, driven directly by gears, which could add, subtract, and indicate overflow by ringing a bell.
21	1624	1624: Alliance between James I and France; Parliament votes for war against Spain; Virginia becomes crown colony
22	1625	1625: Charles I, King of England (to 1649); Charles I marries Henrietta Maria, sister of Louis XIII of France; dissolves Parliament which fails to vote him money
23	1627	1627: William Harvey was able to confirm his observation that the blood circulates throughout the body, which he inferred from the structure of the venal valves. The following year, in Exercitatio Anatomica, he published these conclusions as well as a description of the heart as a mechanical pump.
24	1628	1628: Petition of Right; Charles I forced to accept Parliament's statement of civil rights in return for finances
25	1629	1629: Charles I dissolves Parliament and rules personally until 1640
26	1630	1630: England makes peace with France and Spain
27	1636	1636: Tulip mania begins and ceases the following year in a precursor of the 2000 'dot-com' crash
28	1639	1639: First Bishops' War between Charles I and the Scottish Church; ends with Pacification of Dunse
29	1640	1640: Charles I summons the "Short " Parliament ; dissolved for refusal to grant money; Second Bishops' War; ends with Treaty of Ripon; The Long Parliament begins. 1640: Athanasius Kirchner's magic lantern invented
30	1641	1641: Triennial Act requires Parliament to be summoned every three years; Star Chamber and High Commission abolished by Parliament; Catholics in Ireland revolt; some 30,000 Protestants massacred; Grand Remonstrance of Parliament to Charles I
31	1642	1642: Charles I fails in attempt to arrest five members of Parliament and rejects Parliament's Nineteen Propositions; Civil War (until 1645) begins with battle of Edgehill between Cavaliers (Royalists) and Roundheads (Parliamentarians)
32	1643	1643: Solemn League and Covenant is signed by Parliament
33	1644	1644: Battle of Marston Moor; Oliver Cromwell defeats Prince Rupert
34	1645	1645: Formation of Cromwell's New Model Army; Battle of Naseby; Charles I defeated by Parliamentary forces
35	1646	1646: Charles I surrenders to the Scots
36	1647	1647: Scots surrender Charles I to Parliament; he escapes to the Isle of Wright; makes secret treaty with Scots
37	1648	1648: Scots invade England and are defeated by Cromwell at battle of Preston Pride's Purge: Presbyterians expelled from Parliament (known as the Rump Parliament); Treaty of Westphalia ends Thirty Years' War
38	1649	1649: Charles I is tried and executed; The Commonwealth, in which ; England is governed as a republic, is established and lasts until 1660; Cromwell harshly suppresses Catholic rebellions in Ireland
39	1650	1650: Charles II lands in Scotland; is proclaimed king
40	1651	1651: Thomas Hobbes, in 'Leviathan', argued from a mechanistic theory that man is a selfishly individualistic animal at constant war with others. In the state of nature, life is "nasty, brutish, and short." 1651: Charles II invades England and is defeated at Battle of Worcester; Charles escapes to France; First Navigation Act, England gains virtual monopoly of foreign trade
41	1653	1653: Cromwell dissolves the "Rump" and becomes Lord Protector
42	1654	1654: James Ussher, Protestant archbishop of Armagh, determined by a close reading of scriptural genealogies that the events described on the first page of the Book of Genesis occurred in 4004 B.C. 1654: Treaty of Westminster between England and Dutch Republic
43	1655	1655: Christiaan Huygens discovered 'Titan,' Saturn's largest moon, and that what Galileo had thought were moons were actually rings. He was the first to note markings on Mars. 1655: England divided into 12 military districts by Cromwell; seizes Jamaica from Spain
44	1656	1656: Huygens built the first pendulum-regulated clock. Two years later, Huygens, in Horologium, claimed that his clock could establish longitude at sea which was not then possible and had led to many maritime disasters. 1656: War with Spain (until 1659)

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