Timeline: VAUGHN, Mercy Easton: Byrne and Asimov Genealogy and Family Histories

	Date	Event(s)
1	1636	1636: Tulip mania begins and ceases the following year in a precursor of the 2000 'dot-com' crash
2	1639	1639: First Bishops' War between Charles I and the Scottish Church; ends with Pacification of Dunse
3	1640	1640: Charles I summons the "Short " Parliament ; dissolved for refusal to grant money; Second Bishops' War; ends with Treaty of Ripon; The Long Parliament begins. 1640: Athanasius Kirchner's magic lantern invented
4	1641	1641: Triennial Act requires Parliament to be summoned every three years; Star Chamber and High Commission abolished by Parliament; Catholics in Ireland revolt; some 30,000 Protestants massacred; Grand Remonstrance of Parliament to Charles I
5	1642	1642: Charles I fails in attempt to arrest five members of Parliament and rejects Parliament's Nineteen Propositions; Civil War (until 1645) begins with battle of Edgehill between Cavaliers (Royalists) and Roundheads (Parliamentarians)
6	1643	1643: Solemn League and Covenant is signed by Parliament
7	1644	1644: Battle of Marston Moor; Oliver Cromwell defeats Prince Rupert
8	1645	1645: Formation of Cromwell's New Model Army; Battle of Naseby; Charles I defeated by Parliamentary forces
9	1646	1646: Charles I surrenders to the Scots
10	1647	1647: Scots surrender Charles I to Parliament; he escapes to the Isle of Wright; makes secret treaty with Scots
11	1648	1648: Scots invade England and are defeated by Cromwell at battle of Preston Pride's Purge: Presbyterians expelled from Parliament (known as the Rump Parliament); Treaty of Westphalia ends Thirty Years' War
12	1649	1649: Charles I is tried and executed; The Commonwealth, in which ; England is governed as a republic, is established and lasts until 1660; Cromwell harshly suppresses Catholic rebellions in Ireland
13	1650	1650: Charles II lands in Scotland; is proclaimed king
14	1651	1651: Thomas Hobbes, in 'Leviathan', argued from a mechanistic theory that man is a selfishly individualistic animal at constant war with others. In the state of nature, life is "nasty, brutish, and short." 1651: Charles II invades England and is defeated at Battle of Worcester; Charles escapes to France; First Navigation Act, England gains virtual monopoly of foreign trade
15	1653	1653: Cromwell dissolves the "Rump" and becomes Lord Protector
16	1654	1654: James Ussher, Protestant archbishop of Armagh, determined by a close reading of scriptural genealogies that the events described on the first page of the Book of Genesis occurred in 4004 B.C. 1654: Treaty of Westminster between England and Dutch Republic
17	1655	1655: Christiaan Huygens discovered 'Titan,' Saturn's largest moon, and that what Galileo had thought were moons were actually rings. He was the first to note markings on Mars. 1655: England divided into 12 military districts by Cromwell; seizes Jamaica from Spain
18	1656	1656: Huygens built the first pendulum-regulated clock. Two years later, Huygens, in Horologium, claimed that his clock could establish longitude at sea which was not then possible and had led to many maritime disasters. 1656: War with Spain (until 1659)
19	1658	1658: Oliver Cromwell dies; succeeded as Lord Protector by son Richard; Battle of the Dunes, England and France defeat Spain; England gains Dunkirk
20	1659	1659: Richard Cromwell forced to resign by the army; "Rump" Parliament restored 1659: First cheque drawn in London
21	1660	1660: Convention Parliament restores Charles II to throne
22	1661	1661: Clarendon Code; "Cavalier" Parliament of Charles II passes series of repressive laws against Nonconformists; English acquire Bombay
23	1662	1662: Boyle, using a vacuum pump of his own invention, determined that the volume and pressure of a gas are inversely proportional 1662: John Graunt, in 'Observations upon the Bills of Mortality', using London population data, noted that life expectancy is 27 years, with nearly two/thirds dying before 16 years. 1662: Act of Uniformity passed in England
24	1664	1664: England siezes New Amsterdam from the Dutch, change name to New York
25	1665	1665: Great Plague in London
26	1666	1666: Great Fire of London 1666: First European printed paper banknote issued
27	1667	1667: Dutch fleet defeats the English in Medway river; treaties of Breda among Netherlands, England, France, and Denmark
28	1668	1668: Triple Alliance of England, Netherlands, and Sweden against France
29	1669	1669: Isaac Newton circulated a manuscript, 'De analysi per aequationes numero terminorum infinitas', the first notice of his calculus.
30	1670	1670: Secret Treaty of Dover between Charles II of England and Louis XIV of France to restore Roman Catholicism to England; Hudson's Bay Company founded
31	1672	1672: Third Anglo-Dutch war (until 1674); William III (of Orange) becomes ruler of Netherlands
32	1673	1673: Test Act aims to deprive English Roman Catholics and Nonconformists of public office
33	1674	1674: Hennig Brand discovered phosphorus in a distillation of human urine 1674: Anton van Leeuwenhoek reported his discovery of protozoa, using his newly-devised microscope 1674: Treaty of Westminster between England and the Netherlands
34	1677	1677: William III, ruler of the Netherlands, marries Mary, daughter of James, Duke of York, heir to the English throne
35	1678	1678: Popish Plot' in England; Titus Oates falsely alleges a Catholic plot to murder Charles II
36	1679	1679: Act of Habeas Corpus passed, forbidding imprisonment without trial; Parliament's Bill of Exclusion against the Roman Catholic Duke of York blocked by Charles II; Parliament dismissed; Charles II rejects petitions calling for a new Parliament; petitioners become known as Whigs; their opponents (royalists) known as Tories
37	1681	1681: Whigs reintroduce Exclusion Bill; Charles II dissolves Parliament
38	1685	1685: James II of England and VII of Scotland (to 1688); rebellion by Charles II's illegitimate son, the Duke of Monmouth, against James II is put down
39	1686	1686: James II disregards Test Act; Roman Catholics appointed to public office
40	1687	1687: James II issues Declaration of Liberty of Conscience, extends toleration to all religions
41	1688	1688: Edward Lloyd's coffee house opens in England 1688: England's 'Glorious Revolution'; William III of Orange is invited to save England from Roman Catholicism, lands in England, James II flees to France
42	1689	1689: Convention Parliament issues Bill of Rights; establishes a constitutional monarchy in Britain; bars Roman Catholics from the throne; William III and Mary II become joint monarchs of England and Scotland (to1694), Toleration Act grants freedom of worship to dissenters in England; Grand Alliance of the League of Augsburg, England, and the Netherlands 1689: Parliament draws up the Declaration of Right detailing the unconstitutional acts of King James II. James' daughter and her husband, his nephew, become joint sovereigns of Britain as King William III and Queen Mary II. Parliament passes the Bill of Rights. Toleration Act grants rights to Trinitarian Protestant dissenters. Catholic forces loyal to James II land in Ireland from France and lay siege to Londonderry
43	1690	1690: King William defeats the Irish and French armies of his father-in-law at the Battle of the Boyne in Ireland
44	1691	1691: The Treaty of Limerick allows Cathloics in Ireland to exercise their religion freely, but severe penal laws soon follow. The French War begins
45	1692	1692: The Glencoe Massacre occurs
46	1694	1694: Death of Queen Mary; King William now rules alone. Foundation of the Bank of England. Triennial Act sets the maximum duration of a parliament to three years
47	1695	1695: Lapse of the Licensing Act
48	1697	1697: Peace of Ryswick between the allied powers of the League of Augsburg and France ends the French War. Civil List Act votes funds for the maintenance of the Royal Household 1697: Blasphemy Act in England
49	1698	1698: Thomas Savery patented an engine which produced a vacuum by condensing steam. It was employed for raising water from a mine and supplying water to several country houses.
50	1701	1701: The Act of Settlement settles the Royal Succession on the Protestant descendants of Sophia of Hanover. Death of the former King James II in exile in France. The French king recognizes James II's son as "King James III". King William forms a grand alliance between England, Holland and Austria to prevent the union of the Spanish and French crowns. The War of the Spanish Succession breaks out in Europe over the vacant throne
51	1702	1702: Death of King William III in a riding accident. He is succeeded by his sister-in-law, Queen Anne. England declares war on France as part of the War of the Spanish Succession
52	1704	1704: Johann Sebastian Bach began composing music 1704: British, Dutch, German and Austrian troops, under the Duke of Marlborough, defeat the French and Bavarians at the Battle of Blenheim. British, Bavarian and Austrian troops under Marlborough defeat the French at the Battle of Ramillies, and expel the French from the Netherlands. The British capture Gibraltar from Spain
53	1706	1706: The Evening Post', first evening newspaper issued in London
54	1707	1707: The Act of Union unites the kingdoms of England and Scotland and transfers the seat of Scottish Government to London
55	1708	1708: The Duke of Marlborough defeats the French at the Battle of Oudenarede. The French incur heavy losses. Queen Anne vetoes a parliamentary bill to recognise the Scottish militia. This is the last time a bill is vetoed by the sovereign
56	1709	1709: Gabriel Daniel Fahrenheit constructed an alcohol thermometer 1709: Marlborough defeats the French at the Battle of Malplaquet
57	1710	1710: A Tory ministry is formed, under Harley, with the impeachment of Dr. Sacheverell and the fall of the Whig government
58	1713	1713: The Treaty of Utrecht is signed by Britain and France, thus concluding the War of the Spanish Succession
59	1714	1714: Death of Queen Anne at Kensington Palace. She is succeeded by her distant cousin, the Elector George of Hanover, as King George I. A new parliament is elected with a strong Whig majority, led by Charles Townshend and Robert Walpole
60	1715	1715: Thomas Fairchild produced the first artificial hybrid plant 1715: The Jacobite Rebellion begins in Scotland with the aim of overthrowing the Hanovarian succession and placing the "Old Pretender" - James II's son - on the throne. The rebellion is easily defeated
61	1716	1716: The Septennial Act sets General Elections to be held every seven years
62	1717	1717: Townshend is dismissed from government by George I, causing Walpole to resign. The Whig party is split. Convocation is suspended
63	1719	1719: South Sea Bubble bursts, leaving many investors ruined after speculating with stock of the 'South Sea Company'
64	1721	1721: Sir Robert Walpole Prime Minister to 1742 (Whig) 1721: Sir Robert Walpole returns to government as First Lord of the Treasury. He remains in office until 1742 and effectively becomes Britain's first Prime Minister
65	1722	1722: First written reference to Stilton cheese in William Stukeley?s Itinerarium Curiosum, letter V 1722: Death of the Duke of Marlborough. The Jacobite 'Atterbury Plot' is hatched
66	1726	1726: First circulating library in Britain opens in Edinburgh. Jonathan Swift publishes his 'Gulliver's Travels'
67	1727	1727: Death of Sir Isaac Newton and of King George I (in Hanover). The latter is succeeded by his son as King George II 1727: The Gentleman's Magazine', first modern magazine, published
68	1728	1728: Pierre Fauchard, in 'The Surgeon Dentist', described preventive measures to keep teeth healthy as well as inventing the word 'dentist.'
69	1729	1729: Alexander Pope publishes his ' Dunciad'
70	1730	1730: A split occurs between Walpole and Townshend
71	1732	1732: A royal charter is granted for the founding of Georgia in America
72	1733	1733: The 'Excise Crisis' occurs and Walpole is forced to abandon his plans to reorganise the customs and excise
73	1736	1736: John Harrison finished building and tested at sea what proved to be the first accurate chronometer for timing longitude
74	1737	1737: Death of King George II's wife, Queen Caroline
75	1738	1738: John and Charles Wesley start the Methodist movement in Britain
76	1739	1739: Britain goes to war with Spain in the 'War of Jenkins' Ear'. The cause: Captain Jenkins' ear was claimed to have been cut off during a Naval Skirmish
77	1740	1740: Commencement of the War of Austrian Succession in Europe
78	1742	1742: Spencer Compton, Earl of Wilmington Prime Minister until 1743 (Whig) 1742: Beginning with a bull calf from the cow 'Silver' and two cows, 'Pidgeon' and 'Mottle' (inherited from his father's estate), Benjamin Tomkins is credited with founding the Hereford breed. 1742: Walpole resigns as Prime Minister
79	1743	1743: Henry Pelham Prime Minister until 1754 (Whig) 1743: George II leads British troops into battle at Dettingen in Bavaria
80	1744	1744: Ministry of Pelham
81	1745	1745: Jacobite Rebellion in Scotland led by 'Bonnie Prince Charlie'. There is a Scottish victory at Prestonpans
82	1746	1746: The Duke of Cumberland crushes the Scottish Jacobites at the Battle of Culloden
83	1747	1747: Yorkshire pudding mentioned in recipes
84	1748	1748: The Peace of Aix-la-Chapelle brings the War of Austrian Succession to a close
85	1750	1750: The grapefruit was first described by Griffith Hughes as the "forbidden fruit" of Barbados
86	1751	1751: Benjamin Franklin published 'Experiments and Observations on Electricity' after several years of experiments done with several friends. In this book Franklin suggested an experiment to prove that lightning is a large-scale electrical discharge, a task which later he took upon himself, using a kite. This led to the invention of the lightning rod. 1751: Death of Frederick, Prince of Wales. His son, Prince George, becomes heir to the throne
87	1752	1752: James Lind called attention to the value of fresh fruit in the prevention of scurvy 1752: Ren? Antoine Ferchault de R?aumur showed by experiment that gastric juice liquifies meat. 1752: Adoption of the Gregorian Calendar in Britain
88	1753	1753: Parliament passes the Jewish Naturalization Bill
89	1754	1754: The ministry of Newcastle
90	1755	1755: Johnson's Dictionary of the English Language published
91	1756	1756: Mayonnaise invented to commemorate a victory at the start of the Seven Years War, the successful seige of English-held St. Philip's Castle 1756: Britain, allied with Prussia, declares war against France and her allies, Austria and Russia. The Seven Years' War begins
92	1757	1757: The Pitt-Newcastle ministry. Robert Clive wins the Battle of Plassey and secures the Indian province of Bengal for Britain. William Pitt becomes Prime Minister
93	1759	1759: Wolfe captures Quebec and expels the French from Canada
94	1760	1760: Death of King George II. He is succeeded by his grandson as George III
95	1761	1761: Laurence Sterne publishes his 'Tristram Shandy'
96	1762	1762: John Montagu, 4th Earl of Sandwich, 'created' the Sandwich. This Englishman was said to have been fond of gambling and, during a 24 hour gambling streak, he instructed a cook to prepare his food in such a way that it would not interfere with his game. The cook presented him with sliced meat between two pieces of toast. Perfect! This meal required no utensils and could be eaten with one hand, leaving the other free to continue the game. 1762: The Earl of Bute is appointed Prime Minister. He becomes very unpopular and employs a bodyguard 1762: Acad?mie Francaise recognises term 'millionaire'
97	1763	1763: Peace of Paris ends the Seven Years' War. Grenville ministry.
98	1764	1764: James Hargreaves invented the spinning jenny
99	1765	1765: Rockingham ministry. The American Stamp Act raises taxes in the colonies in an attempt to make their defence self-financing 1765: Earliest known children's pop-up book
100	1766	1766: Chatham ministry. Repeal of the American Stamp Act
101	1768	1768: Grafton ministry. The Middlesex Election Crisis occurs
102	1769	1769: James Watt patented a new type of steam engine with a separate condensing chamber and an air pump to bring steam into the chamber and equipped it with a simple 'governor' for safety: if the engine started to go too fast, the power would be automatically cut back. He coined the term 'horsepower' and later loaned his name to the unit of power, or work, done per unit of time 1769: Captain James Cook's first voyage to explore the Pacific begins
103	1770	1770: Lord North begins service as Prime Minister. The Falkland Island Crisis occurs. Edmund Burke publishes his 'Thoughts on the Present Discontents' 1770: James Cook documents the location of Australia 1770: Gum pencil eraser invented
104	1771	1771: The Encyclopedia Britannica is first published
105	1773	1773: American colonists protest at the East India Company's monopoly over tea exports to the colonies, at the so-called 'Boston Tea Party'. The World's first cast-iron bridge is constructed over the River Severn at Coalbrookdale
106	1774	1774: Franz Anton Mesmer began the psychotherapeutic practive of hypnotism, which he called 'animal magnetism' and conceived it to be an actual fluid. Apparently he had some success with psychosomatic illnesses. Part of his technique seems to have been used earlier by exorcists. 1774: Parliament passes the Coercive Acts in retaliation for the 'Boston Tea Party'
107	1775	1775: American War of Independence begins when colonists fight British troops at Lexington.
108	1776	1776: Adam Smith, in 'The Wealth of Nations', advanced the idea that businesses survive through successful trading in pursuit of their self-interest, and that the resulting equilibrium was not by design. 1776: On 4 JUL, the American Congress passes their Declaration of Independence from Britain. Edward Gibbons' publishes his 'Decline and Fall'
109	1778	1778: Cook explores Hawaiian Islands. He fails to locate Northwest Passage from Alaskan side and is killed in Hawaii the following year
110	1779	1779: The rise of Wyvill's Association Movement
111	1780	1780: The Gordon Riots develop from a procession to petition parliament against the Catholic Relief Act
112	1781	1781: Frederick William Herschel discovered the planet Uranus by its movement, although at the time he supposed it to be a comet 1781: The Americans obtain a great victory of British troops at the surrender of Yorktown
113	1782	1782: End of Lord North's time as Prime Minister. He is succeeded by Rockingham in his second ministry. Ireland obtains short-lived parliament
114	1783	1783: William Bentinck, Duke of Portland Prime minister (Whig) 1783: Joseph Michel Montgolfier and Jacques ?tienne Montgolfier invented the first practical hot air balloon. 1783: Shelburne's ministry, followed by that of William Pitt the Younger. Britain recognises American independence at the Peace of Versailles. Fox-North coalition established
115	1784	1784: Parliament passes the East India Act 1784: First edition of 'The Times' newspaper
116	1785	1785: Pitt's motion for Parliamentary Reform is defeated
117	1786	1786: The Eden commercial treaty with France is drawn up
118	1788	1788: George III suffers his first attack of 'madness' (caused by porphyria)
119	1789	1789: Outbreak of the French Revolution
120	1790	1790: Edmund Burke publishes his 'Reflections on the Revolution in France'
121	1791	1791: The 'Celerifere', an early version of the bicycle, was built around by Comte Mede de Sivrac. It was basically a scooter with a high seat 1791: James Boswell publishes his 'Life of Johnson' an Thomas Paine, his 'Rights of Man'
122	1792	1792: Volta discovered he could arrange metals in a series in such a way that chemical energy is converted into electrical energy; that is, two dissimilar metals are submerged in an electrolyte and connected by an circuit and thereby exchange electrons. By 1800, he had invented the so-called voltaic cell, a pile of such metals "consisting of pairs of silver and zinc disks separated by pieces of moist cardboard" 1792: Coal gas is used for lighting for the first time. Mary Wollstonecraft publishes her 'Vindication of the Rights of Women'
123	1793	1793: Outbreak of War between Britain and France. The voluntary Board of Agriculture is set up. Commercial depression throughout Britain 1793: Speculative 'Canal Bubble' in UK bursts
124	1794	1794: Erasmus Darwin, Charles' grandfather, proposed that "warm-blooded animals have arisen from one living filament...possessing the faculty of continuing to improve by its own inherent activity, and of delivering those improvements by generation to its posterity." 1794: Eli Whitney patented the cotton gin 1794: Metric system introduced in France
125	1795	1795: The 'Speenhamland' system of outdoor relief is adopted, making wages up to equal the cost of subsistence
126	1796	1796: Edward Jenner investigated the folk tale that milk maids were immune to small pox, the virus variola major, and in a brief series of experiments confirmed that exposure to cow pox, the virus vaccinia, rendered immunity
127	1798	1798: Thomas Robert Malthus, in his Essay on the Principle of Population, contended that population increses by a geometric ratio whereas the means of subsistence increase by an arithmetic ratio. 1798: Introduction of a tax of ten percent on incomes over ?200.
128	1799	1799: Trade Unions are suppressed. Napoleon is appointed First Consul in France 1799: Three-year commercial boom in Britain begins
129	1800	1800: Act of Union with Ireland unites Parliaments of England and Ireland
130	1801	1801: Close of Pitt the Younger's Ministry. The first British Census is undertaken
131	1802	1802: Peace with France is established. Peel introduces the first factory legislation
132	1803	1803: Beginning of the Napoleonic Wars. Britain declares war on France. Parliament passes the General Enclosure Act, simplifying the process of enclosing common land
133	1805	1805: Ludolf Christian Treviranus said that spermatozoa were analogous to pollen 1805: Nelson destroys the French and Spanish fleets at the Battle of Trafalgar, but is killed in the process
134	1806	1806: Louis Nicolas Vauquelin and Pierre Jean Robiquet isolated the first amino acid, 'asparagine,' from asparagus.
135	1807	1807: William Bentinck, Duke of Portland Prime Minister to 1809 (Whig) 1807: Robert Fulton ushered in the era of self-propelled ships with his construction of a commercially viable paddle-wheel steamboat
136	1808	1808: Peninsular War to drive the French out of Spain (until 1814)
137	1809	1809: Two-year commercial boom in Britain
138	1810	1810: Final illness of George III begins
139	1811	1811: Depression caused by Orders of Council. There are Luddite disturbances in Nottinghamshire and Yorkshire. The King's illness leads to his son, the Prince of Wales, becoming Regent
140	1812	1812: Georges Cuvier, in 'Discours sur les r?volutions de la surface du globe', maintained the stratigraphic succession proved that fossils occur in the chronological order of creation: fish, amphibians, reptiles, and mammals. 1812: Prime Minister Spencer Perceval is assassinated in the House of Commons by a disgruntled bankrupt
141	1813	1813: Canned food was invented for the British Navy by Peter Durand. The cans were made of solid iron and usually weighed more than the food inside them 1813: Jane Austen's 'Pride and Prejudice' is published. The monopolies of the East India Company are abolished 1813: Can opener invented
142	1815	1815: The defeat of Napoleon Bonaparte at Waterloo marks the end of the Napoleonic Wars. Peace is established in Europe at the Congress of Vienna. The Corn Laws are passed by Parliament to protect British agriculture from cheap imports 1815: Start of two-year commercial boom in Britain
143	1817	1817: Economic slimp in Britain leads to the 'Blanketeers' March' and other disturbances
144	1818	1818: Death of the King's wife, Queen Caroline. Mary Shelley's publishes her 'Frankenstein'
145	1819	1819: Troops intervene at a mass political reform meeting in Manchester, killing and wounding four hundred people at the 'Peterloo Massacre'
146	1820	1820: Death of the blind and deranged King George III. He is succeeded by his son, the Prince Regent, who becomes King George IV. A radical plot to murder the Cabinet, known as the Cato Street Conspiracy, fails. Trial of Queen Caroline, in which George IV attempts to divorce her for adultery
147	1821	1821: Jean Fran?ois Champollion, employing the Rosetta Stone, established the principles for deciphering Egyptian hieroglyphics. 1821: Queen Caroline is excluded from the coronation 1821: Start of two years of famine in Ireland
148	1822	1822: First prototype Espresso machine (France)
149	1823	1823: The Royal Academy of Music is established in London. The British Museum is extended and extensively rebuilt to house an expanding collection
150	1824	1824: The National Gallery is established. Commercial boom in Britain
151	1825	1825: Nash reconstructs Buckingham Palace. The World's first railway service, the Stockton and Darlington Railway opens. Trade Unions are legalized. Commercial depression in Britain
152	1826	1826: One of the first print references to fondue written by Jean-Anthelme Brillat-Savarin in his 'Physiologie du Gout' 1826: French physicist Joseph Niepce makes the first known photograph, "View from a Window at Gras," via a "heliograph" process on a metal plate.
153	1828	1828: The Duke of Wellington becomes British Prime Minister
154	1829	1829: The Metropolitan Police Force is set up by Robert Peel. Parliament passes the Catholic Relief Act, ending most restrictions on Catholic Civil Rights. They are allowed to own property and run for public office, including parliament
155	1830	1830: Death of King George IV at Windsor. He is succeeded by his brother, William IV. Opening of the Liverpool and Manchester Railway. Rise of the Whigs, under Grey 1830: First major cholera epidemic in Britain starts and lasts two years.
156	1831	1831: Faraday , in the first in a series of Experimental Researches in Electricity, discovered the means of producing electricity from magnetism, i.e., electromagnetic induction, the generation of an electric field by a changing magnetic field. This is the principle of the dynamo 1831: Swing' Riots in rural areas against the mechanization of agricultural activities. The new London Bridge is opened over the River Thames
157	1832	1832: The first or great Reform Act is passed. This climax of a period of political reform extends the vote to a further 500,000 people and redistributes Parliamentary seats on a more equitable basis

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