Timeline: SCUDDER, David: Byrne and Asimov Genealogy and Family Histories

	Date	Event(s)
1	1627	1627: William Harvey was able to confirm his observation that the blood circulates throughout the body, which he inferred from the structure of the venal valves. The following year, in Exercitatio Anatomica, he published these conclusions as well as a description of the heart as a mechanical pump.
2	1628	1628: Petition of Right; Charles I forced to accept Parliament's statement of civil rights in return for finances
3	1629	1629: Charles I dissolves Parliament and rules personally until 1640
4	1630	1630: England makes peace with France and Spain
5	1636	1636: Tulip mania begins and ceases the following year in a precursor of the 2000 'dot-com' crash
6	1639	1639: First Bishops' War between Charles I and the Scottish Church; ends with Pacification of Dunse
7	1640	1640: Charles I summons the "Short " Parliament ; dissolved for refusal to grant money; Second Bishops' War; ends with Treaty of Ripon; The Long Parliament begins. 1640: Athanasius Kirchner's magic lantern invented
8	1641	1641: Triennial Act requires Parliament to be summoned every three years; Star Chamber and High Commission abolished by Parliament; Catholics in Ireland revolt; some 30,000 Protestants massacred; Grand Remonstrance of Parliament to Charles I
9	1642	1642: Charles I fails in attempt to arrest five members of Parliament and rejects Parliament's Nineteen Propositions; Civil War (until 1645) begins with battle of Edgehill between Cavaliers (Royalists) and Roundheads (Parliamentarians)
10	1643	1643: Solemn League and Covenant is signed by Parliament
11	1644	1644: Battle of Marston Moor; Oliver Cromwell defeats Prince Rupert
12	1645	1645: Formation of Cromwell's New Model Army; Battle of Naseby; Charles I defeated by Parliamentary forces
13	1646	1646: Charles I surrenders to the Scots
14	1647	1647: Scots surrender Charles I to Parliament; he escapes to the Isle of Wright; makes secret treaty with Scots
15	1648	1648: Scots invade England and are defeated by Cromwell at battle of Preston Pride's Purge: Presbyterians expelled from Parliament (known as the Rump Parliament); Treaty of Westphalia ends Thirty Years' War
16	1649	1649: Charles I is tried and executed; The Commonwealth, in which ; England is governed as a republic, is established and lasts until 1660; Cromwell harshly suppresses Catholic rebellions in Ireland
17	1650	1650: Charles II lands in Scotland; is proclaimed king
18	1651	1651: Thomas Hobbes, in 'Leviathan', argued from a mechanistic theory that man is a selfishly individualistic animal at constant war with others. In the state of nature, life is "nasty, brutish, and short." 1651: Charles II invades England and is defeated at Battle of Worcester; Charles escapes to France; First Navigation Act, England gains virtual monopoly of foreign trade
19	1653	1653: Cromwell dissolves the "Rump" and becomes Lord Protector
20	1654	1654: James Ussher, Protestant archbishop of Armagh, determined by a close reading of scriptural genealogies that the events described on the first page of the Book of Genesis occurred in 4004 B.C. 1654: Treaty of Westminster between England and Dutch Republic
21	1655	1655: Christiaan Huygens discovered 'Titan,' Saturn's largest moon, and that what Galileo had thought were moons were actually rings. He was the first to note markings on Mars. 1655: England divided into 12 military districts by Cromwell; seizes Jamaica from Spain
22	1656	1656: Huygens built the first pendulum-regulated clock. Two years later, Huygens, in Horologium, claimed that his clock could establish longitude at sea which was not then possible and had led to many maritime disasters. 1656: War with Spain (until 1659)
23	1658	1658: Oliver Cromwell dies; succeeded as Lord Protector by son Richard; Battle of the Dunes, England and France defeat Spain; England gains Dunkirk
24	1659	1659: Richard Cromwell forced to resign by the army; "Rump" Parliament restored 1659: First cheque drawn in London
25	1660	1660: Convention Parliament restores Charles II to throne
26	1661	1661: Clarendon Code; "Cavalier" Parliament of Charles II passes series of repressive laws against Nonconformists; English acquire Bombay
27	1662	1662: Boyle, using a vacuum pump of his own invention, determined that the volume and pressure of a gas are inversely proportional 1662: John Graunt, in 'Observations upon the Bills of Mortality', using London population data, noted that life expectancy is 27 years, with nearly two/thirds dying before 16 years. 1662: Act of Uniformity passed in England
28	1664	1664: England siezes New Amsterdam from the Dutch, change name to New York
29	1665	1665: Great Plague in London
30	1666	1666: Great Fire of London 1666: First European printed paper banknote issued
31	1667	1667: Dutch fleet defeats the English in Medway river; treaties of Breda among Netherlands, England, France, and Denmark
32	1668	1668: Triple Alliance of England, Netherlands, and Sweden against France
33	1669	1669: Isaac Newton circulated a manuscript, 'De analysi per aequationes numero terminorum infinitas', the first notice of his calculus.
34	1670	1670: Secret Treaty of Dover between Charles II of England and Louis XIV of France to restore Roman Catholicism to England; Hudson's Bay Company founded
35	1672	1672: Third Anglo-Dutch war (until 1674); William III (of Orange) becomes ruler of Netherlands
36	1673	1673: Test Act aims to deprive English Roman Catholics and Nonconformists of public office
37	1674	1674: Hennig Brand discovered phosphorus in a distillation of human urine 1674: Anton van Leeuwenhoek reported his discovery of protozoa, using his newly-devised microscope 1674: Treaty of Westminster between England and the Netherlands
38	1677	1677: William III, ruler of the Netherlands, marries Mary, daughter of James, Duke of York, heir to the English throne
39	1678	1678: Popish Plot' in England; Titus Oates falsely alleges a Catholic plot to murder Charles II
40	1679	1679: Act of Habeas Corpus passed, forbidding imprisonment without trial; Parliament's Bill of Exclusion against the Roman Catholic Duke of York blocked by Charles II; Parliament dismissed; Charles II rejects petitions calling for a new Parliament; petitioners become known as Whigs; their opponents (royalists) known as Tories
41	1681	1681: Whigs reintroduce Exclusion Bill; Charles II dissolves Parliament
42	1685	1685: James II of England and VII of Scotland (to 1688); rebellion by Charles II's illegitimate son, the Duke of Monmouth, against James II is put down
43	1686	1686: James II disregards Test Act; Roman Catholics appointed to public office
44	1687	1687: James II issues Declaration of Liberty of Conscience, extends toleration to all religions
45	1688	1688: Edward Lloyd's coffee house opens in England 1688: England's 'Glorious Revolution'; William III of Orange is invited to save England from Roman Catholicism, lands in England, James II flees to France
46	1689	1689: Convention Parliament issues Bill of Rights; establishes a constitutional monarchy in Britain; bars Roman Catholics from the throne; William III and Mary II become joint monarchs of England and Scotland (to1694), Toleration Act grants freedom of worship to dissenters in England; Grand Alliance of the League of Augsburg, England, and the Netherlands 1689: Parliament draws up the Declaration of Right detailing the unconstitutional acts of King James II. James' daughter and her husband, his nephew, become joint sovereigns of Britain as King William III and Queen Mary II. Parliament passes the Bill of Rights. Toleration Act grants rights to Trinitarian Protestant dissenters. Catholic forces loyal to James II land in Ireland from France and lay siege to Londonderry
47	1690	1690: King William defeats the Irish and French armies of his father-in-law at the Battle of the Boyne in Ireland
48	1691	1691: The Treaty of Limerick allows Cathloics in Ireland to exercise their religion freely, but severe penal laws soon follow. The French War begins
49	1692	1692: The Glencoe Massacre occurs
50	1694	1694: Death of Queen Mary; King William now rules alone. Foundation of the Bank of England. Triennial Act sets the maximum duration of a parliament to three years
51	1695	1695: Lapse of the Licensing Act
52	1697	1697: Peace of Ryswick between the allied powers of the League of Augsburg and France ends the French War. Civil List Act votes funds for the maintenance of the Royal Household 1697: Blasphemy Act in England
53	1698	1698: Thomas Savery patented an engine which produced a vacuum by condensing steam. It was employed for raising water from a mine and supplying water to several country houses.
54	1701	1701: The Act of Settlement settles the Royal Succession on the Protestant descendants of Sophia of Hanover. Death of the former King James II in exile in France. The French king recognizes James II's son as "King James III". King William forms a grand alliance between England, Holland and Austria to prevent the union of the Spanish and French crowns. The War of the Spanish Succession breaks out in Europe over the vacant throne
55	1702	1702: Death of King William III in a riding accident. He is succeeded by his sister-in-law, Queen Anne. England declares war on France as part of the War of the Spanish Succession
56	1704	1704: Johann Sebastian Bach began composing music 1704: British, Dutch, German and Austrian troops, under the Duke of Marlborough, defeat the French and Bavarians at the Battle of Blenheim. British, Bavarian and Austrian troops under Marlborough defeat the French at the Battle of Ramillies, and expel the French from the Netherlands. The British capture Gibraltar from Spain
57	1706	1706: The Evening Post', first evening newspaper issued in London
58	1707	1707: The Act of Union unites the kingdoms of England and Scotland and transfers the seat of Scottish Government to London
59	1708	1708: The Duke of Marlborough defeats the French at the Battle of Oudenarede. The French incur heavy losses. Queen Anne vetoes a parliamentary bill to recognise the Scottish militia. This is the last time a bill is vetoed by the sovereign
60	1709	1709: Gabriel Daniel Fahrenheit constructed an alcohol thermometer 1709: Marlborough defeats the French at the Battle of Malplaquet
61	1710	1710: A Tory ministry is formed, under Harley, with the impeachment of Dr. Sacheverell and the fall of the Whig government
62	1713	1713: The Treaty of Utrecht is signed by Britain and France, thus concluding the War of the Spanish Succession
63	1714	1714: Death of Queen Anne at Kensington Palace. She is succeeded by her distant cousin, the Elector George of Hanover, as King George I. A new parliament is elected with a strong Whig majority, led by Charles Townshend and Robert Walpole
64	1715	1715: Thomas Fairchild produced the first artificial hybrid plant 1715: The Jacobite Rebellion begins in Scotland with the aim of overthrowing the Hanovarian succession and placing the "Old Pretender" - James II's son - on the throne. The rebellion is easily defeated
65	1716	1716: The Septennial Act sets General Elections to be held every seven years
66	1717	1717: Townshend is dismissed from government by George I, causing Walpole to resign. The Whig party is split. Convocation is suspended
67	1719	1719: South Sea Bubble bursts, leaving many investors ruined after speculating with stock of the 'South Sea Company'
68	1721	1721: Sir Robert Walpole Prime Minister to 1742 (Whig) 1721: Sir Robert Walpole returns to government as First Lord of the Treasury. He remains in office until 1742 and effectively becomes Britain's first Prime Minister
69	1722	1722: First written reference to Stilton cheese in William Stukeley?s Itinerarium Curiosum, letter V 1722: Death of the Duke of Marlborough. The Jacobite 'Atterbury Plot' is hatched
70	1726	1726: First circulating library in Britain opens in Edinburgh. Jonathan Swift publishes his 'Gulliver's Travels'
71	1727	1727: Death of Sir Isaac Newton and of King George I (in Hanover). The latter is succeeded by his son as King George II 1727: The Gentleman's Magazine', first modern magazine, published
72	1728	1728: Pierre Fauchard, in 'The Surgeon Dentist', described preventive measures to keep teeth healthy as well as inventing the word 'dentist.'
73	1729	1729: Alexander Pope publishes his ' Dunciad'
74	1730	1730: A split occurs between Walpole and Townshend
75	1732	1732: A royal charter is granted for the founding of Georgia in America
76	1733	1733: The 'Excise Crisis' occurs and Walpole is forced to abandon his plans to reorganise the customs and excise
77	1736	1736: John Harrison finished building and tested at sea what proved to be the first accurate chronometer for timing longitude
78	1737	1737: Death of King George II's wife, Queen Caroline
79	1738	1738: John and Charles Wesley start the Methodist movement in Britain
80	1739	1739: Britain goes to war with Spain in the 'War of Jenkins' Ear'. The cause: Captain Jenkins' ear was claimed to have been cut off during a Naval Skirmish
81	1740	1740: Commencement of the War of Austrian Succession in Europe
82	1742	1742: Spencer Compton, Earl of Wilmington Prime Minister until 1743 (Whig) 1742: Beginning with a bull calf from the cow 'Silver' and two cows, 'Pidgeon' and 'Mottle' (inherited from his father's estate), Benjamin Tomkins is credited with founding the Hereford breed. 1742: Walpole resigns as Prime Minister
83	1743	1743: Henry Pelham Prime Minister until 1754 (Whig) 1743: George II leads British troops into battle at Dettingen in Bavaria
84	1744	1744: Ministry of Pelham
85	1745	1745: Jacobite Rebellion in Scotland led by 'Bonnie Prince Charlie'. There is a Scottish victory at Prestonpans
86	1746	1746: The Duke of Cumberland crushes the Scottish Jacobites at the Battle of Culloden
87	1747	1747: Yorkshire pudding mentioned in recipes
88	1748	1748: The Peace of Aix-la-Chapelle brings the War of Austrian Succession to a close
89	1750	1750: The grapefruit was first described by Griffith Hughes as the "forbidden fruit" of Barbados
90	1751	1751: Benjamin Franklin published 'Experiments and Observations on Electricity' after several years of experiments done with several friends. In this book Franklin suggested an experiment to prove that lightning is a large-scale electrical discharge, a task which later he took upon himself, using a kite. This led to the invention of the lightning rod. 1751: Death of Frederick, Prince of Wales. His son, Prince George, becomes heir to the throne
91	1752	1752: James Lind called attention to the value of fresh fruit in the prevention of scurvy 1752: Ren? Antoine Ferchault de R?aumur showed by experiment that gastric juice liquifies meat. 1752: Adoption of the Gregorian Calendar in Britain
92	1753	1753: Parliament passes the Jewish Naturalization Bill
93	1754	1754: The ministry of Newcastle
94	1755	1755: Johnson's Dictionary of the English Language published
95	1756	1756: Mayonnaise invented to commemorate a victory at the start of the Seven Years War, the successful seige of English-held St. Philip's Castle 1756: Britain, allied with Prussia, declares war against France and her allies, Austria and Russia. The Seven Years' War begins
96	1757	1757: The Pitt-Newcastle ministry. Robert Clive wins the Battle of Plassey and secures the Indian province of Bengal for Britain. William Pitt becomes Prime Minister
97	1759	1759: Wolfe captures Quebec and expels the French from Canada
98	1760	1760: Death of King George II. He is succeeded by his grandson as George III
99	1761	1761: Laurence Sterne publishes his 'Tristram Shandy'
100	1762	1762: John Montagu, 4th Earl of Sandwich, 'created' the Sandwich. This Englishman was said to have been fond of gambling and, during a 24 hour gambling streak, he instructed a cook to prepare his food in such a way that it would not interfere with his game. The cook presented him with sliced meat between two pieces of toast. Perfect! This meal required no utensils and could be eaten with one hand, leaving the other free to continue the game. 1762: The Earl of Bute is appointed Prime Minister. He becomes very unpopular and employs a bodyguard 1762: Acad?mie Francaise recognises term 'millionaire'
101	1763	1763: Peace of Paris ends the Seven Years' War. Grenville ministry.
102	1764	1764: James Hargreaves invented the spinning jenny
103	1765	1765: Rockingham ministry. The American Stamp Act raises taxes in the colonies in an attempt to make their defence self-financing 1765: Earliest known children's pop-up book
104	1766	1766: Chatham ministry. Repeal of the American Stamp Act
105	1768	1768: Grafton ministry. The Middlesex Election Crisis occurs
106	1769	1769: James Watt patented a new type of steam engine with a separate condensing chamber and an air pump to bring steam into the chamber and equipped it with a simple 'governor' for safety: if the engine started to go too fast, the power would be automatically cut back. He coined the term 'horsepower' and later loaned his name to the unit of power, or work, done per unit of time 1769: Captain James Cook's first voyage to explore the Pacific begins
107	1770	1770: Lord North begins service as Prime Minister. The Falkland Island Crisis occurs. Edmund Burke publishes his 'Thoughts on the Present Discontents' 1770: James Cook documents the location of Australia 1770: Gum pencil eraser invented
108	1771	1771: The Encyclopedia Britannica is first published
109	1773	1773: American colonists protest at the East India Company's monopoly over tea exports to the colonies, at the so-called 'Boston Tea Party'. The World's first cast-iron bridge is constructed over the River Severn at Coalbrookdale
110	1774	1774: Franz Anton Mesmer began the psychotherapeutic practive of hypnotism, which he called 'animal magnetism' and conceived it to be an actual fluid. Apparently he had some success with psychosomatic illnesses. Part of his technique seems to have been used earlier by exorcists. 1774: Parliament passes the Coercive Acts in retaliation for the 'Boston Tea Party'
111	1775	1775: American War of Independence begins when colonists fight British troops at Lexington.
112	1776	1776: Adam Smith, in 'The Wealth of Nations', advanced the idea that businesses survive through successful trading in pursuit of their self-interest, and that the resulting equilibrium was not by design. 1776: On 4 JUL, the American Congress passes their Declaration of Independence from Britain. Edward Gibbons' publishes his 'Decline and Fall'
113	1778	1778: Cook explores Hawaiian Islands. He fails to locate Northwest Passage from Alaskan side and is killed in Hawaii the following year
114	1779	1779: The rise of Wyvill's Association Movement
115	1780	1780: The Gordon Riots develop from a procession to petition parliament against the Catholic Relief Act
116	1781	1781: Frederick William Herschel discovered the planet Uranus by its movement, although at the time he supposed it to be a comet 1781: The Americans obtain a great victory of British troops at the surrender of Yorktown
117	1782	1782: End of Lord North's time as Prime Minister. He is succeeded by Rockingham in his second ministry. Ireland obtains short-lived parliament
118	1783	1783: William Bentinck, Duke of Portland Prime minister (Whig) 1783: Joseph Michel Montgolfier and Jacques ?tienne Montgolfier invented the first practical hot air balloon. 1783: Shelburne's ministry, followed by that of William Pitt the Younger. Britain recognises American independence at the Peace of Versailles. Fox-North coalition established
119	1784	1784: Parliament passes the East India Act 1784: First edition of 'The Times' newspaper
120	1785	1785: Pitt's motion for Parliamentary Reform is defeated
121	1786	1786: The Eden commercial treaty with France is drawn up
122	1788	1788: George III suffers his first attack of 'madness' (caused by porphyria)
123	1789	1789: Outbreak of the French Revolution
124	1790	1790: Edmund Burke publishes his 'Reflections on the Revolution in France'
125	1791	1791: The 'Celerifere', an early version of the bicycle, was built around by Comte Mede de Sivrac. It was basically a scooter with a high seat 1791: James Boswell publishes his 'Life of Johnson' an Thomas Paine, his 'Rights of Man'
126	1792	1792: Volta discovered he could arrange metals in a series in such a way that chemical energy is converted into electrical energy; that is, two dissimilar metals are submerged in an electrolyte and connected by an circuit and thereby exchange electrons. By 1800, he had invented the so-called voltaic cell, a pile of such metals "consisting of pairs of silver and zinc disks separated by pieces of moist cardboard" 1792: Coal gas is used for lighting for the first time. Mary Wollstonecraft publishes her 'Vindication of the Rights of Women'
127	1793	1793: Outbreak of War between Britain and France. The voluntary Board of Agriculture is set up. Commercial depression throughout Britain 1793: Speculative 'Canal Bubble' in UK bursts
128	1794	1794: Erasmus Darwin, Charles' grandfather, proposed that "warm-blooded animals have arisen from one living filament...possessing the faculty of continuing to improve by its own inherent activity, and of delivering those improvements by generation to its posterity." 1794: Eli Whitney patented the cotton gin 1794: Metric system introduced in France
129	1795	1795: The 'Speenhamland' system of outdoor relief is adopted, making wages up to equal the cost of subsistence
130	1796	1796: Edward Jenner investigated the folk tale that milk maids were immune to small pox, the virus variola major, and in a brief series of experiments confirmed that exposure to cow pox, the virus vaccinia, rendered immunity
131	1798	1798: Thomas Robert Malthus, in his Essay on the Principle of Population, contended that population increses by a geometric ratio whereas the means of subsistence increase by an arithmetic ratio. 1798: Introduction of a tax of ten percent on incomes over ?200.
132	1799	1799: Trade Unions are suppressed. Napoleon is appointed First Consul in France 1799: Three-year commercial boom in Britain begins
133	1800	1800: Act of Union with Ireland unites Parliaments of England and Ireland
134	1801	1801: Close of Pitt the Younger's Ministry. The first British Census is undertaken
135	1802	1802: Peace with France is established. Peel introduces the first factory legislation
136	1803	1803: Beginning of the Napoleonic Wars. Britain declares war on France. Parliament passes the General Enclosure Act, simplifying the process of enclosing common land
137	1805	1805: Ludolf Christian Treviranus said that spermatozoa were analogous to pollen 1805: Nelson destroys the French and Spanish fleets at the Battle of Trafalgar, but is killed in the process
138	1806	1806: Louis Nicolas Vauquelin and Pierre Jean Robiquet isolated the first amino acid, 'asparagine,' from asparagus.
139	1807	1807: William Bentinck, Duke of Portland Prime Minister to 1809 (Whig) 1807: Robert Fulton ushered in the era of self-propelled ships with his construction of a commercially viable paddle-wheel steamboat
140	1808	1808: Peninsular War to drive the French out of Spain (until 1814)
141	1809	1809: Two-year commercial boom in Britain
142	1810	1810: Final illness of George III begins
143	1811	1811: Depression caused by Orders of Council. There are Luddite disturbances in Nottinghamshire and Yorkshire. The King's illness leads to his son, the Prince of Wales, becoming Regent
144	1812	1812: Georges Cuvier, in 'Discours sur les r?volutions de la surface du globe', maintained the stratigraphic succession proved that fossils occur in the chronological order of creation: fish, amphibians, reptiles, and mammals. 1812: Prime Minister Spencer Perceval is assassinated in the House of Commons by a disgruntled bankrupt
145	1813	1813: Canned food was invented for the British Navy by Peter Durand. The cans were made of solid iron and usually weighed more than the food inside them 1813: Jane Austen's 'Pride and Prejudice' is published. The monopolies of the East India Company are abolished 1813: Can opener invented
146	1815	1815: The defeat of Napoleon Bonaparte at Waterloo marks the end of the Napoleonic Wars. Peace is established in Europe at the Congress of Vienna. The Corn Laws are passed by Parliament to protect British agriculture from cheap imports 1815: Start of two-year commercial boom in Britain
147	1817	1817: Economic slimp in Britain leads to the 'Blanketeers' March' and other disturbances
148	1818	1818: Death of the King's wife, Queen Caroline. Mary Shelley's publishes her 'Frankenstein'
149	1819	1819: Troops intervene at a mass political reform meeting in Manchester, killing and wounding four hundred people at the 'Peterloo Massacre'
150	1820	1820: Death of the blind and deranged King George III. He is succeeded by his son, the Prince Regent, who becomes King George IV. A radical plot to murder the Cabinet, known as the Cato Street Conspiracy, fails. Trial of Queen Caroline, in which George IV attempts to divorce her for adultery
151	1821	1821: Jean Fran?ois Champollion, employing the Rosetta Stone, established the principles for deciphering Egyptian hieroglyphics. 1821: Queen Caroline is excluded from the coronation 1821: Start of two years of famine in Ireland
152	1822	1822: First prototype Espresso machine (France)
153	1823	1823: The Royal Academy of Music is established in London. The British Museum is extended and extensively rebuilt to house an expanding collection
154	1824	1824: The National Gallery is established. Commercial boom in Britain
155	1825	1825: Nash reconstructs Buckingham Palace. The World's first railway service, the Stockton and Darlington Railway opens. Trade Unions are legalized. Commercial depression in Britain
156	1826	1826: One of the first print references to fondue written by Jean-Anthelme Brillat-Savarin in his 'Physiologie du Gout' 1826: French physicist Joseph Niepce makes the first known photograph, "View from a Window at Gras," via a "heliograph" process on a metal plate.
157	1828	1828: The Duke of Wellington becomes British Prime Minister
158	1829	1829: The Metropolitan Police Force is set up by Robert Peel. Parliament passes the Catholic Relief Act, ending most restrictions on Catholic Civil Rights. They are allowed to own property and run for public office, including parliament
159	1830	1830: Death of King George IV at Windsor. He is succeeded by his brother, William IV. Opening of the Liverpool and Manchester Railway. Rise of the Whigs, under Grey 1830: First major cholera epidemic in Britain starts and lasts two years.
160	1831	1831: Faraday , in the first in a series of Experimental Researches in Electricity, discovered the means of producing electricity from magnetism, i.e., electromagnetic induction, the generation of an electric field by a changing magnetic field. This is the principle of the dynamo 1831: Swing' Riots in rural areas against the mechanization of agricultural activities. The new London Bridge is opened over the River Thames
161	1832	1832: The first or great Reform Act is passed. This climax of a period of political reform extends the vote to a further 500,000 people and redistributes Parliamentary seats on a more equitable basis
162	1833	1833: Abolition of Slavery throughout the British Empire. Parliament passes the Factory Act, prohibiting children aged less than nine from working in factories, and reducing the working hours of women and older children. Start of the Oxford Movement in the Anglican Church
163	1834	1834: Charles Babbage designed a programmable mechanical calculating machine, or 'analytical engine,' that could carry out arithmetic operations specified on punch cards and choose the sequence of operations. Although the design was never built, Augusta Ada Byron wrote programs to demonstrate its potential power. 1834: Parliament passes the Poor Law Act, establishing workhouses for the poor. Robert Owen founds the Grand National Consolidated Trade Union. The government acts against 'illegal oaths' in such unionism, rsulting in the Tolpuddle Martyrs being transported to Australia. Fire destroys the Palace of Westminster
164	1835	1835: Parliament passes the Municipal Reform Act, requiring members of town councils to be elected by ratepayers and councils to publish their financial accounts 1835: Commercial boom with 'little' railway mania across Britain starts and continues into 1836
165	1837	1837: Death of King William IV at Windsor. He is succeeded by his niece, Victoria. Births, deaths and marriages must be registered by law. Charles Dickens publishes 'Oliver Twist,' drawing attention to Britain's poor.
166	1838	1838: The Anti-Corn Law League is established. Publication of the People's Charter. The start of Chartism
167	1839	1839: Chartist Riots take place 1839: First use of 'OK' in print? (in Boston Morning Post) 1839: Fox Talbot produces photographs from negatives
168	1840	1840: Queen Victoria marries Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha. The penny post is instituted 1840: There are reckoned to be 107 accountants in London
169	1841	1841: The first British Census recording the names of the populace is undertaken. The Tories come to power. Sir Robert Peel becomes Prime Minister
170	1842	1842: First Christmas card 1842: First UK public telegraph lines, from Paddington to Slough and Gosport to London
171	1843	1843: Alexander Bain (1818-1903) invented an early fax machine
172	1844	1844: Charles Darwin wrote, but didn't publish, an essay presaging the theory of the origin of species. 1844: Samuel Finley Breese Morse demonstrates a telegraph, using a code of his own invention 1844: Parliament passes the Bank Charter Act. Foundation of the Rochdale Co-Operative Society and the Royal Commission on the Health of Towns 1844: Two years of railway mania begins across Britain. Massive investment and speculation leads to the laying of 5,000 miles of track
173	1845	1845: Irish Potato Famine kills more than a million people in two years 1845: Engels publishes 'The Condition of the Working Class in England' 1845: There are reckoned to be 210 accountants in London
174	1846	1846: End of Sir Robert Peel's Ministry. Whigs come to Power. Repeal of the Corn Laws
175	1847	1847: Flourens discovered the anesthetic properties of chloroform 1847: Levi Strauss invents denim jeans
176	1848	1848: Major Chartist demonstration in London. Revolutions in Europe. Parliament passes the Public Health Act 1848: Karl Marx publishes 'The Communist Manifesto' and 'Das Kapital'
177	1849	1849: Howe patents the safety-pin
178	1850	1850: American Joel Houghton invented the first dishwasher. He made it out of wood, and gave it a hand-turned wheel that splashed water on the dishes inside. It didn't really work, but it did get the first "dishwasher" patent 1850: First machine-made paper bag
179	1851	1851: The Great Exhibition is staged in Hyde Park. Thanks to Prince Albert, it is a great success 1851: Patent for Singer sewing machine issued
180	1852	1852: Death of the Duke of Wellington. Derby's first minority Conservative government. Aberdeen's coalition government is established
181	1853	1853: Potato crisps invented by a cook named George Crum. 1853: Florence Nightingale first recommended the regimen of cleanliness which dramatically reduced the death rate in hospitals 1853: Vaccination against smallpox is made compulsory. Queen Victoria uses chloroform during birth of Prince Leopold. Gladstone presents his first budget
182	1854	1854: The Northcote-Trevelyan civil service report is published; and The Crimean War begins, as Britain and France attempt to defend European interests in the Middle East against Russia
183	1855	1855: John Snow, investigating London's piped water supply, showed graphically that cholera could be transmitted by water from a particular pump. 1855: End of Aberdeen's coalition government. Palmerston's first government comes to power 1855: Yale lock invented
184	1856	1856: Crimean War comes to an end. The Victoria Cross is instituted for military bravery
185	1857	1857: Cyrus Field made his first attempt at laying a trans-Atlantic telegraph cable. In 1866, his fourth attempt was successful. 1857: The Second Opium War opens China to European trade. The Indian Mutiny erupts against British Rule on the sub-continent
186	1858	1858: Derby establishes his second minority government. Parliament passes the India Act 1858: Eraser fitted to end of pencil
187	1859	1859: Darwin in 'On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection or the Preservation of Favored Races in the Struggle for Life', asserted all life had a common ancestor and that the origin of species was natural selection 1859: End of Derby's second minority government. Palmerston brings his second Liberal government to power. 1859: Smiles' 'Self-Help' published
188	1860	1860: Joseph Wilson Swan invented the light bulb, an incandescent lamp using a carbon filament. 1860: Gladstone's budget and the Anglo-French Cobden Treaty codifies and extends the principles of free trade
189	1861	1861: Ignaz Philipp Semmelweis published his deduction that childbirth fever was transmitted on the hands of doctors during their examinations 1861: Death of Prince Albert, Prince Consort
190	1862	1862: Pasteur published the 'germ theory:': Infection is caused by self-replicating microorganisms, and that attenuated viral cultures granted immunity. These beneficent antigens he named 'vaccines' in honor of Jenner and his vaccinia virus 1862: Parliament passes the Limited Liability Act in order to provide vital stimulus to accumulation of capital in shares
191	1863	1863: Edward, Prince of Wales, marries Princess Alexandra of Denmark. The Salvation Army is founded
192	1865	1865: Lister, using carbolic acid as antiseptic and sterilizing his instrument, proved the efficacy of antiseptic surgery 1865: Death of Palmerston. Russell establishes his second Liberal government 1865: Lewis Carroll publishes 'Alice's Adventure in Wonderland'
193	1866	1866: Gregor Mendel, in "Versuche ?ber Pflantenhybriden," interpreted heredity in terms of a pairing of dominant and/or recessive unit characters; that is, ones that could in practice be treated as indivisible and independent particles 1866: Alfred Nobel patented dynamite 1866: Russell and Gladstone fail to have their moderate Reform Bill passed in parliament. Derby takes power in his third minority Conservative government
194	1867	1867: Karl Marx, in Das Kapital, maintained the value, or exchange relation, of commodities is characterized by its alienation from its use-value, and thus its value as the product of human labor, which the capitalist treats as a variable and against which he accounts his surplus. 1867: Derby and Disraeli's Second Reform Bill doubles the franchise to two million. Canada becomes the first independent dominion in the British Empire under the Dominion of Canada Act
195	1868	1868: Disraeli succeeds Derby as Prime Minister. Gladstone becomes Prime Minister for the first time
196	1869	1869: George M. Beard distinguished 'neurasthenia,' a nervous disease of men, from hysteria, a women's disease, as, in an earlier time, men's 'hypochondriasis' had been distinguished from women's ' vapeurs.' Subforms of neurasthenia came to be called phobias. 1869: The Irish Church is disestablished. The Suez Canal is opened
197	1870	1870: Primary education becomes compulsory in Britain through the Forster-Ripon English Elementary Education Act. Parliament also passes the Women's Property Act, extending the rights of married women, and the Irish Land Act 1870: First British postcard devised by Anthony Trollope 1870: Wheeler introduces toilet paper roll in US 1870: Inauguration of London to Calcutta telegraph line, first electronic link between Europe and India
198	1871	1871: Trade Unions are legalized
199	1872	1872: Secret voting is introduced for elections. Parliament passes the Scottish Education Act
200	1873	1873: Gladstone's government resigns after the defeat of their Irish Universities Bill. Disraeli declines to take up office instead 1873: Parmalee invents automatic fire sprinklers
201	1874	1874: Disraeli becomes Conservative Prime Minister for the second time
202	1875	1875: Disraeli purchases a controlling interest for Britain in the Suez Canal. Agricultural depression increases 1875: Parliament passes R.A. Cross's Conservative social reforms
203	1876	1876: Alexander Graham Bell invented the telephone. 1876: Nikolas August Otto designed the first four-stroke piston engine 1876: Queen Victoria becomes Empress of India. The massacre of Christians in Turkish Bulgaria leads to anti-Turkish campaigns in Britain, led by Gladstone
204	1877	1877: Confederation of British and Boer states established in South Africa
205	1878	1878: The Congress of Berlin is held. Disraeli announces 'peace with honour' 1878: Edweard Muybridge photographs horse in motion
206	1879	1879: A trade depression emerges in Britain. The Zulu War is fought in South Africa. The British are defeated at Isandhlwana, but are victorious at Ulundi 1879: Gladstone's Midlothian campaign denounces imperialism in South Africa and Afghanistan
207	1880	1880: Gladstone establishes his second Liberal government 1880: The first Anglo-Boer War begins
208	1881	1881: Savoy Theatre introduces electric lighting 1881: Parliament passes the Irish Land and Coercion Acts 1881: Death of Billy the Kid
209	1882	1882: Britain occupies Egypt. A triple alliance is established between Germany, Austria and Italy 1882: Standard Oil controls 95% of the U.S. oil refining capacity 1882: Stillwell invents brown paper bag
210	1884	1884: Freud published a paper in which he found cocaine, an alkaloid in coca, effective against fatigue and neurasthenia. 1884: Hilaire de Chardonnet invented the first artificial textile, which was made from cellulose. It was later named rayon 1884: Parliament passes the third Reform Act which further extends the franchise
211	1885	1885: Death of General Gordon at Khartoum. Burma is annexed. Salisbury succeeds Gladstone with his first minority Conservative government. Parliament passes the Redistribution Act
212	1886	1886: Gladstone's third Liberal government fails to pass its first Irish Home Rule Bill through the House of Commons. Gladstone resigns as Prime Minister. Split in the Liberal Party. Salisbury establishes his second Conservative-Liberal-Unionist government. The Royal Niger Company is chartered. Gold is discovered in the Transvaal 1886: Statue of Liberty erected in New York Harbour 1886: Coca-Cola syrup invented
213	1887	1887: Emile Berliner patents the gramophone 1887: Queen Victoria celebrates her Golden Jubilee. The Independent Labour Party is founded. The British East Africa Company is chartered 1887: UK telegraph companies control 107,000 miles of submarine cable 1887: There are estimated to be 5,400 cash registers in US (increases to 16,900 in 1890)
214	1888	1888: Celluloid photographic film introduced 1888: The County Councils' Act establishes representative county based authorities 1888: Kodak box camera 1888: Coin-operated public telephone
215	1889	1889: London Dockers' Strike. The British South Africa Company is chartered 1889: The Eiffel Tower, designed by French engineer Alexandre Gustave Eiffel, is completed for the Paris Exposition. 1889: First Official Secrets Act in UK
216	1892	1892: Leon Bouly invents cinematographic film camera 1892: Gladstone forms his fourth Liberal government
217	1893	1893: Whitcomb L. Judson invented the zip to help a friend with a stiff back who could not bend over to do up his shoes 1893: Second Irish Home Rule Bill fails to pass the House of Lords 1893: New Zealand becomes the first nation to grant women the right to vote 1893: Car number plates introduced in France
218	1894	1894: Rosebery takes power with his minority Liberal government
219	1895	1895: Oscar Wilde jailed 1895: Wilhelm Conrad R?ntgen, using a Crookes' tube, observed a new form of penetrating radiation, which he named X-rays 1895: Guglielmo Marconi sent longwave wireless telegraphic, or radio, signals over a distance of more than a mile 1895: Salisbury forms his third Unionist ministry 1895: Kellogg's Corn Flakes go on sale
220	1896	1896: Freud suggested analyzing childhood conflicts in the study of neuroses. He also devised a psychoanalytic technique called 'free association' which allows emotionally-charged, repressed material to be consciously recognized 1896: The British conquest of the Sudan begins 1896: Lightner Witmer establishes at the University of Pennsylvania a clinic of psychology, the first psychological clinic in America and perhaps in the world
221	1897	1897: Queen Victoria celebrates her Diamond Jubilee 1897: Telephone penetration in US is 7 per 1,000 people
222	1898	1898: Christopher Latham Sholes patented the typewriter. His QWERTY keyboard is still with us today. 1898: British rule over Sudan fully established. German Naval expansion begins 1898: Campbell's soups first appear with red and white labels, colors suggested by Cornell University's football uniforms.
223	1899	1899: British disasters in South Africa 1899: Boer War begins in South Africa and lasts three years
224	1900	1900: Salisbury wins the 'Khaki' election. The Labour Representation Committee is formed. Parliament passes the Commonwealth of Australia Act 1900: Max Planck proposes quantum theory 1900: There are reckoned to be 6,000 accountants in England 1900: Australia Becomes a Commonwealth 1900: Boxer Rebellion in China 1900: Italy's King Assassinated 1900: Kodak Introduces $1 Brownie Cameras 1900: Max Planck Formulates Quantum Theory 1900: Sigmund Freud Publishes The Interpretation of Dreams
225	1901	1901: Willis H. Carrier invented the industrial air conditioner 1901: Vacuum Cleaner invented by Hubert Cecil Booth 1901: Death of Queen Victoria. She is succeeded by her son, Prince Albert, as King Edward VII 1901: Marconi sends wireless message from Cornwall to Newfoundland 1901: First Nobel Prizes Awarded 1901: First Trans-Atlantic Radio Signal 1901: U.S. President McKinley Assassinated
226	1902	1902: Invention of the Teddy Bear 1902: Boer War Ends 1902: Mount Pel?e Erupts 1902: The Teddy Bear is Introduced
227	1903	1903: Orville Wright and Wilbur Wright achieved flight in a manned, gasoline power-driven, heavier-than-air flying machine. 1903: First Flight at Kitty Hawk 1903: First Message to Travel Around the World 1903: First Silent Movie, The Great Train Robbery 1903: Plague in India
228	1904	1904: First telephone answering machine 1904: Beatrix Potter's 'The Tale of Benjamin Bunny' is published 1904: First Popular American Film 1904: Ground Broken on Panama Canal 1904: New York City Subway Opens 1904: Russo-Japanese War Begins 1904: Trans-Siberian Railway Completed
229	1905	1905: Einstein evolved the Special Theory of relativity. 1905: Aliens Act in Britain tries to control immigration 1905: Bloody Sunday - Russian Revolution of 1905 1905: Einstein Proposes His Theory of Relativity 1905: Freud Publishes His Theory of Sexuality
230	1906	1906: Finland First European Country to Give Women the Right to Vote 1906: Kellogg's Starts Selling Corn Flakes 1906: San Francisco Earthquake 1906: Upton Sinclair Writes The Jungle
231	1907	1907: Electric washing machine - The Thor - on sale 1907: Ten Rules of War Established at the Second Hague Peace Conference 1907: First Electric Washing Machine 1907: Picasso Introduces Cubism 1907: Typhoid Mary Captured for the First Time
232	1908	1908: Henry Ford created the Model T automobile 1908: Electric iron and toaster patented 1908: Earthquake in Italy Kills 150,000 1908: Ford Introduces the Model-T 1908: Three Year-Old Pu Yi Becomes Emperor of China 1908: Turks Revolt in the Ottoman Empire
233	1909	1909: French Engineer Louis Bleriot is first to cross the English Channel in an airplane 1909: Pianos reach maximum market penetration in UK households at one per ten people 1909: 800 million postcards sold in England 1909: Japan's Prince Ito is Assassinated 1909: Plastic Is Invented 1909: Robert Peary Becomes the First to Reach the North Pole
234	1910	1910: Georges Claude discovered that electricity conducted through a tube of the rare inert gas, neon, gives a bright red glow and that other gases gave off other colors, e.g., argon gives blue, helium gives yellow and white, etc. 1910: First live opera broadcast 1910: Halley's Comet Makes an Appearance 1910: The Tango Catches On
235	1911	1911: British National Insurance Act lays foundation for health and unemployment insurance 1911: The Chinese Revolution 1911: Ernest Rutherford Discovers the Structure of an Atom 1911: Greenwich Mean Time Adopted 1911: The Incan City of Machu Picchu Discovered 1911: Mona Lisa Is Stolen 1911: Roald Amundsen Reaches the South Pole 1911: Standard Oil Company Broken Up 1911: Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Catches on Fire
236	1912	1912: The Sinking of the Titanic 1,515 people lose their lives. 1912: Parachutes Invented 1912: Piltdown Man, the 'Missing Link,' Discovered (Fraud) 1912: SOS Accepted as Universal Distress Signal 1912: The Titanic Sinks
237	1913	1913: Leo Baekeland invented a plastic laminate, known as Bakelite, and later as 'formica'. 1913: First assembly line introduced in Ford automobile factory 1913: The "Armory Show," an international display of some 1600 works of modern art, and one of the more important U.S. art exhibitions ever held, opens at the 69th-regiment armory in New York City; it arouses public curiosity, generates sensational news coverage, and helps change the direction of American art 1913: First Crossword Puzzle 1913: Henry Ford Creates Assembly Line 1913: Personal Income Tax Introduced in U.S.
238	1914	1914: First World War starts 1914: Archduke Ferdinand Assassinated 1914: Battle of the Marne 1914: Charlie Chaplin First Appeared as the Little Tramp 1914: First Traffic Light 1914: Panama Canal Officially Opened 1914: World War I Begins
239	1915	1915: Armenian Genocide 1915: D.W. Griffith's The Birth of a Nation Released 1915: Germans Use Poison Gas as a Weapon 1915: Lusitania Sunk by German U-Boat 1915: Second Battle of Ypres
240	1916	1916: Navy employs animal trainer 'Captain' Joseph Woodward's music hall sea lions for U-boat sabotage. 1916: Coca-Cola adopts a distinctive bottle which identifies the company internationally 1916: Battle of the Somme 1916: Battle of Verdun 1916: Easter Rising in Ireland 1916: First Self-Service Grocery Store Opens in U.S.
241	1917	1917: Bolshevik revolution in Russia installs a new government headed by V.I. Lennin 1917: French artist Marcel Duchamp submits a porcelain urinal, signed "R. Mutt" and titled "Fountain," to the New York Independents Exhibition; it is rejected. 1917: First Pulitzer Prizes Awarded 1917: Mata Hari Executed for Being a Spy 1917: Russian Revolution 1917: U.S. Enters World War I
242	1918	1918: Influenza Epidemic 1918: Russian Czar Nicholas II and His Family are Killed
243	1919	1919: Eddington and Frank W. Dyson measured the bending of starlight by the gravitational pull of the sun, thus confirming Einstein's general theory of relativity 1919: Prohibition Begins in the U.S. 1919: Treaty of Versailles Ends World War I
244	1920	1920: Bubonic Plague in India 1920: League of Nations Established
245	1921	1921: Stage debut of John Gielgud 1921: Extreme Inflation in Germany 1921: Irish Free State Proclaimed 1921: Lie Detector Invented
246	1922	1922: BBC launched as limited company 1922: Kemal Atat?rk Founds Modern Turkey 1922: Tomb of King Tut Discovered 1922: Michael Collins Killed in Ambush 1922: Mussolini Marches on Rome 1922: The Reader's Digest Published
247	1923	1923: Electrolux produced the first electric refrigerator 1923: Kodak introduces home movie equipment 1923: Charleston Dance Becomes Popular 1923: Hitler Jailed After Failed Coup 1923: Ruhr Occupied by French and Belgian Forces 1923: Talking Movies Invented 1923: Teapot Dome Scandal
248	1924	1924: First Olympic Winter Games 1924: Leopold and Loeb Murder a Neighbor Out of Boredom 1924: V.I. Lenin Dies
249	1925	1925: Flapper Dresses in Style 1925: Hitler Publishes 'Mein Kampf'
250	1926	1926: General Strike in UK 1926: The first automatic traffic light was installed in Wolverhampton, England. It remained in service until 1968 1926: A.A. Milne Publishes Winnie-the-Pooh 1926: Houdini Dies After Being Punched 1926: Robert Goddard Fires His First Liquid-Fuel Rocket 1926: A Woman Swims the English Channel
251	1927	1927: The Jazz Singer - first film talking movie released 1927: Philo Farnsworth and John Logie Baird demonstrate television 1927: Babe Ruth Makes Home-Run Record 1927: BBC Founded 1927: The First Talking Movie, The Jazz Singer 1927: Lindbergh Flies Solo Across the Atlantic
252	1928	1928: George Eastman devises a process for color photography; it leads to the first successful three-color roll film available to amateur photographers when it appears in 1935 as Kodachrome (for slides) and as Kodacolor (for prints) in 1942. 1928: First Mickey Mouse cartoon 1928: Bubble Gum Invented 1928: First 'Mickey Mouse' Cartoon 1928: First Oxford English Dictionary Published 1928: Kellogg-Briand Treaty Outlaws War 1928: Penicillin Discovered
253	1929	1929: First UK television broadcast 1929: Frank Whittle, combining the concepts of rocket propulsion and gas turbines, invented jet propulsion. Independently, Hans von Ohain put together the same combination in 1933 1929: Dr. Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin 1929: Byrd and Bennett Fly Over South Pole 1929: Car Radio Invented 1929: First Academy Awards 1929: New York Stock Market Crashes 1929: St. Valentine's Day Massacre
254	1930	1930: Gandhi's Salt March 1930: Pluto Discovered 1930: Sliced Bread Available 1930: Stalin Begins Collectivizing Agriculture in the U.S.S.R.
255	1931	1931: Al Capone Imprisoned for Income Tax Evasion 1931: Auguste Piccard Reaches Stratosphere 1931: Christ Monument Built on Rio de Janeiro Hilltop 1931: Empire State Building Completed 1931: U.S. Officially Gets National Anthem
256	1932	1932: Air Conditioning Invented 1932: Amelia Earhardt First Woman to Fly Solo Across the Atlantic 1932: Scientists Split the Atom 1932: Zippo Lighters Introduced
257	1933	1933: First Mars bar 1933: Singing telegrams introduced 1933: Adolf Hitler Becomes Chancellor of Germany 1933: FDR Launches New Deal 1933: First Nazi Concentration Camp Established 1933: Loch Ness Monster First Spotted 1933: Prohibition Ends in the U.S. 1933: Wiley Post Flies Around the World in 8 1/2 Days
258	1934	1934: Konrad Zuse built a series of computers, Z1 through Z4, utilizing binary arithmetic and stored programs. Along the way he invented the first programming language and began to analyze methods by which a computer could play chess 1934: The first comic books appear on newsstands, beginning in the United States. 1934: Bonnie and Clyde Killed by Police 1934: Cheeseburger Created 1934: The Dust Bowl 1934: Mao Zedong Begins the Long March 1934: Parker Brothers Sells the Game 'Monopoly'
259	1935	1935: First 'Kit Kat' sold in UK 1935: Alcoholics Anonymous Founded 1935: Germany Issues the Anti-Jewish Nuremberg Laws 1935: John Maynard Keynes Suggests New Economic Theory
260	1936	1936: BBC starts regular TV broadcasts 1936: Carnegie Publishes 'How to Win Friends and Influence People' 1936: King Edward VIII Abdicates 1936: Nazi Olympics in Berlin 1936: Spanish Civil War Begins
261	1937	1937: German planes, aiding insurgents in the Spanish Civil War, bomb the historic Basque town of Guernica in Northern Spain, killing women and children and inflaming world opinion against facism. 1937: Hindenburg airship crash broadcast coast to coast in US 1937: Amelia Earhart Vanishes 1937: Golden Gate Bridge Opened 1937: The Hindenberg Disaster 1937: Japan Invades China
262	1938	1938: UK's first weekly radio comedy series, Band Wagon 1938: Biro brothers invent ballpoint pen 1938: Broadcast of 'The War of the Worlds' Causes Panic 1938: Chamberlain Announces 'Peace in Our Time' 1938: Extinct Fish Found 1938: Hitler Annexes Austria 1938: The Night of Broken Glass (Kristallnacht)
263	1939	1939: Second World War starts 1939: First Commercial Flight Over the Atlantic 1939: German-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact Signed 1939: Helicopter Invented 1939: Refugees on the St. Louis Refused Entry Everywhere 1939: World War II Begins
264	1940	1940: London Blitz 1940: Igor Sikorsky invented the heliocopter 1940: Disney's 'Fantasia' 1940: Battle of Britain 1940: Leon Trotsky Assassinated 1940: Nylons on the Market 1940: Stone Age Cave Paintings Found in France
265	1941	1941: Japanese Attack Pearl Harbor 1941: Jeep Invented 1941: Manhattan Project Begins 1941: Mount Rushmore Completed 1941: Nazi Rudolf Hess Flies to Britain on a Peace Mission 1941: Siege of Leningrad
266	1942	1942: Battle of Midway 1942: Battle of Stalingrad 1942: Japanese-Americans Held in Camps 1942: Nazis Raze Town in Retaliation for Reinhard Heydrich's Death 1942: T-shirt Introduced
267	1943	1943: Autism identified 1943: French Resistance Leader Jean Moulin Killed 1943: Italy Joins the Allies 1943: Warsaw Ghetto Uprising
268	1944	1944: Ballpoint Pens Go On Sale 1944: D-Day 1944: First German V1 and V2 Rockets Fired 1944: Hitler Escapes Assassination Attempt
269	1945	1945: Second World War ends 1945: The Atomic Age begins with atomic bombs dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, ending World War II 1945: Allied troops liberate Nazi death camps at Auschwitz-Birkenau (January 26), Buchenwald (April 11), and Dachau (April 24), providing the world with the first photographic evidence of the horrific atrocities committed there 1945: First Computer Built 1945: Germans Surrender 1945: Hitler Commits Suicide 1945: Microwave Oven Invented 1945: United Nations Founded 1945: U.S. Drops Atomic Bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki
270	1946	1946: ENIAC computer makes 5,000 additions in one second 1946: Bikinis Introduced 1946: Dr. Spock Publishes 'The Common Book of Baby and Child Care' 1946: Juan Per?n Becomes President of Argentina 1946: Nuremberg Trials 1946: Winston Churchill Gives His 'Iron Curtain' Speech
271	1947	1947: Invention of transistor 1947: Chuck Yeager Breaks the Sound Barrier 1947: Dead Sea Scrolls Discovered 1947: Jewish Refugees Aboard the Exodus Turned Back by British 1947: Marshall Plan 1947: Polaroid Cameras Invented
272	1948	1948: Life magazine makes American painter Jackson Pollock an overnight celebrity by devoting a three-page spread with color photographs to him and his paintings under the headline, "Jackson Pollock: Is He the Greatest Living Painter in the United States?"; Abstract Expressionism becomes a subject of widespread popular ridicule. 1948: Berlin Airlift 1948: Berlin Airlift 1948: Big Bang Theory Formulated 1948: Gandhi Assassinated 1948: Policy of Apartheid Begun 1948: State of Israel Founded
273	1949	1949: Mao proclaims Peoples Republic of China 1949: China Becomes Communist 1949: First Non-Stop Flight Around the World 1949: George Orwell Publishes Nineteen Eight-Four 1949: NATO Established 1949: Soviet Union Has Atomic Bomb
274	1950	1950: UK's longest running soap, The Archers, first airs on BBC Midlands Home Service 1950: First Modern Credit Card Introduced 1950: First Organ Transplant 1950: First Peanuts Cartoon Strip 1950: Korean War Begins 1950: Senator Joseph McCarthy Begins Communist Witch Hunt 1950: U.S. President Truman Orders Construction of Hydrogen Bomb 26 May 1950: 26 MAY: UK drivers cheer end of fuel rations Long queues have appeared at garages this evening and motorists have torn their ration books into confetti after the government announced an end to petrol rationing. The Minister of Fuel, Noel Baker, told the House of Commons rationing would be abolished because two American companies had agreed a deal to supply oil in return for buying British goods. "This is indeed VP [Victory for Petrol] day for the motor users' campaign," said a spokesman for three motoring organisations - the RAC, AA and Royal Scottish Automobile Club. "The effect on the industrial, commercial and community life will be electric. Ration books now become as obsolete as the man with the red flag."
275	1951	1951: The word 'brainwashing' is coined 1951: Color TV Introduced 1951: South Africans Forced to Carry ID Cards Identifying Race 1951: Truman Signs Peace Treaty With Japan, Officially Ending WWII 1951: Winston Churchill Again Prime Minister of Great Britain
276	1952	1952: The Mousetrap opens Nov 25 1952: Car Seat Belts Introduced 1952: Jacques Cousteau Discovers Ancient Greek Ship 1952: Polio Vaccine Created 1952: Princess Elizabeth Becomes Queen at Age 25
277	1953	1953: Waiting for Godot debuts in Paris 1953: DNA Discovered 1953: Hillary and Norgay Climb Mt. Everest 1953: Joseph Stalin Dies 1953: Julius and Ethel Rosenberg Executed for Espionage
278	1954	1954: Raymond Kroc buys McDonald's franchise rights and begins the global proliferation of golden arches. 1954: Britain Sponsors an Expedition to Search for the Abominable Snowman 1954: First Atomic Submarine Launched 1954: Report Says Cigarettes Cause Cancer 1954: Roger Bannister Breaks the Four-Minute Mile 1954: Segregation Ruled Illegal in U.S.

Maintained by Hugh Byrne. | Data Protection Policy.