Timeline: COLES, Sarah: Byrne and Asimov Genealogy and Family Histories

1644 -

	Date	Event(s)
1	1644	1644: Battle of Marston Moor; Oliver Cromwell defeats Prince Rupert
2	1645	1645: Formation of Cromwell's New Model Army; Battle of Naseby; Charles I defeated by Parliamentary forces
3	1646	1646: Charles I surrenders to the Scots
4	1647	1647: Scots surrender Charles I to Parliament; he escapes to the Isle of Wright; makes secret treaty with Scots
5	1648	1648: Scots invade England and are defeated by Cromwell at battle of Preston Pride's Purge: Presbyterians expelled from Parliament (known as the Rump Parliament); Treaty of Westphalia ends Thirty Years' War
6	1649	1649: Charles I is tried and executed; The Commonwealth, in which ; England is governed as a republic, is established and lasts until 1660; Cromwell harshly suppresses Catholic rebellions in Ireland
7	1650	1650: Charles II lands in Scotland; is proclaimed king
8	1651	1651: Thomas Hobbes, in 'Leviathan', argued from a mechanistic theory that man is a selfishly individualistic animal at constant war with others. In the state of nature, life is "nasty, brutish, and short." 1651: Charles II invades England and is defeated at Battle of Worcester; Charles escapes to France; First Navigation Act, England gains virtual monopoly of foreign trade
9	1653	1653: Cromwell dissolves the "Rump" and becomes Lord Protector
10	1654	1654: James Ussher, Protestant archbishop of Armagh, determined by a close reading of scriptural genealogies that the events described on the first page of the Book of Genesis occurred in 4004 B.C. 1654: Treaty of Westminster between England and Dutch Republic
11	1655	1655: Christiaan Huygens discovered 'Titan,' Saturn's largest moon, and that what Galileo had thought were moons were actually rings. He was the first to note markings on Mars. 1655: England divided into 12 military districts by Cromwell; seizes Jamaica from Spain
12	1656	1656: Huygens built the first pendulum-regulated clock. Two years later, Huygens, in Horologium, claimed that his clock could establish longitude at sea which was not then possible and had led to many maritime disasters. 1656: War with Spain (until 1659)
13	1658	1658: Oliver Cromwell dies; succeeded as Lord Protector by son Richard; Battle of the Dunes, England and France defeat Spain; England gains Dunkirk
14	1659	1659: Richard Cromwell forced to resign by the army; "Rump" Parliament restored 1659: First cheque drawn in London
15	1660	1660: Convention Parliament restores Charles II to throne
16	1661	1661: Clarendon Code; "Cavalier" Parliament of Charles II passes series of repressive laws against Nonconformists; English acquire Bombay
17	1662	1662: Boyle, using a vacuum pump of his own invention, determined that the volume and pressure of a gas are inversely proportional 1662: John Graunt, in 'Observations upon the Bills of Mortality', using London population data, noted that life expectancy is 27 years, with nearly two/thirds dying before 16 years. 1662: Act of Uniformity passed in England
18	1664	1664: England siezes New Amsterdam from the Dutch, change name to New York
19	1665	1665: Great Plague in London
20	1666	1666: Great Fire of London 1666: First European printed paper banknote issued
21	1667	1667: Dutch fleet defeats the English in Medway river; treaties of Breda among Netherlands, England, France, and Denmark
22	1668	1668: Triple Alliance of England, Netherlands, and Sweden against France
23	1669	1669: Isaac Newton circulated a manuscript, 'De analysi per aequationes numero terminorum infinitas', the first notice of his calculus.
24	1670	1670: Secret Treaty of Dover between Charles II of England and Louis XIV of France to restore Roman Catholicism to England; Hudson's Bay Company founded
25	1672	1672: Third Anglo-Dutch war (until 1674); William III (of Orange) becomes ruler of Netherlands
26	1673	1673: Test Act aims to deprive English Roman Catholics and Nonconformists of public office
27	1674	1674: Hennig Brand discovered phosphorus in a distillation of human urine 1674: Anton van Leeuwenhoek reported his discovery of protozoa, using his newly-devised microscope 1674: Treaty of Westminster between England and the Netherlands
28	1677	1677: William III, ruler of the Netherlands, marries Mary, daughter of James, Duke of York, heir to the English throne
29	1678	1678: Popish Plot' in England; Titus Oates falsely alleges a Catholic plot to murder Charles II
30	1679	1679: Act of Habeas Corpus passed, forbidding imprisonment without trial; Parliament's Bill of Exclusion against the Roman Catholic Duke of York blocked by Charles II; Parliament dismissed; Charles II rejects petitions calling for a new Parliament; petitioners become known as Whigs; their opponents (royalists) known as Tories
31	1681	1681: Whigs reintroduce Exclusion Bill; Charles II dissolves Parliament
32	1685	1685: James II of England and VII of Scotland (to 1688); rebellion by Charles II's illegitimate son, the Duke of Monmouth, against James II is put down
33	1686	1686: James II disregards Test Act; Roman Catholics appointed to public office
34	1687	1687: James II issues Declaration of Liberty of Conscience, extends toleration to all religions
35	1688	1688: Edward Lloyd's coffee house opens in England 1688: England's 'Glorious Revolution'; William III of Orange is invited to save England from Roman Catholicism, lands in England, James II flees to France
36	1689	1689: Convention Parliament issues Bill of Rights; establishes a constitutional monarchy in Britain; bars Roman Catholics from the throne; William III and Mary II become joint monarchs of England and Scotland (to1694), Toleration Act grants freedom of worship to dissenters in England; Grand Alliance of the League of Augsburg, England, and the Netherlands 1689: Parliament draws up the Declaration of Right detailing the unconstitutional acts of King James II. James' daughter and her husband, his nephew, become joint sovereigns of Britain as King William III and Queen Mary II. Parliament passes the Bill of Rights. Toleration Act grants rights to Trinitarian Protestant dissenters. Catholic forces loyal to James II land in Ireland from France and lay siege to Londonderry
37	1690	1690: King William defeats the Irish and French armies of his father-in-law at the Battle of the Boyne in Ireland
38	1691	1691: The Treaty of Limerick allows Cathloics in Ireland to exercise their religion freely, but severe penal laws soon follow. The French War begins
39	1692	1692: The Glencoe Massacre occurs
40	1694	1694: Death of Queen Mary; King William now rules alone. Foundation of the Bank of England. Triennial Act sets the maximum duration of a parliament to three years
41	1695	1695: Lapse of the Licensing Act
42	1697	1697: Peace of Ryswick between the allied powers of the League of Augsburg and France ends the French War. Civil List Act votes funds for the maintenance of the Royal Household 1697: Blasphemy Act in England
43	1698	1698: Thomas Savery patented an engine which produced a vacuum by condensing steam. It was employed for raising water from a mine and supplying water to several country houses.
44	1701	1701: The Act of Settlement settles the Royal Succession on the Protestant descendants of Sophia of Hanover. Death of the former King James II in exile in France. The French king recognizes James II's son as "King James III". King William forms a grand alliance between England, Holland and Austria to prevent the union of the Spanish and French crowns. The War of the Spanish Succession breaks out in Europe over the vacant throne
45	1702	1702: Death of King William III in a riding accident. He is succeeded by his sister-in-law, Queen Anne. England declares war on France as part of the War of the Spanish Succession
46	1704	1704: Johann Sebastian Bach began composing music 1704: British, Dutch, German and Austrian troops, under the Duke of Marlborough, defeat the French and Bavarians at the Battle of Blenheim. British, Bavarian and Austrian troops under Marlborough defeat the French at the Battle of Ramillies, and expel the French from the Netherlands. The British capture Gibraltar from Spain
47	1706	1706: The Evening Post', first evening newspaper issued in London
48	1707	1707: The Act of Union unites the kingdoms of England and Scotland and transfers the seat of Scottish Government to London
49	1708	1708: The Duke of Marlborough defeats the French at the Battle of Oudenarede. The French incur heavy losses. Queen Anne vetoes a parliamentary bill to recognise the Scottish militia. This is the last time a bill is vetoed by the sovereign
50	1709	1709: Gabriel Daniel Fahrenheit constructed an alcohol thermometer 1709: Marlborough defeats the French at the Battle of Malplaquet
51	1710	1710: A Tory ministry is formed, under Harley, with the impeachment of Dr. Sacheverell and the fall of the Whig government
52	1713	1713: The Treaty of Utrecht is signed by Britain and France, thus concluding the War of the Spanish Succession
53	1714	1714: Death of Queen Anne at Kensington Palace. She is succeeded by her distant cousin, the Elector George of Hanover, as King George I. A new parliament is elected with a strong Whig majority, led by Charles Townshend and Robert Walpole
54	1715	1715: Thomas Fairchild produced the first artificial hybrid plant 1715: The Jacobite Rebellion begins in Scotland with the aim of overthrowing the Hanovarian succession and placing the "Old Pretender" - James II's son - on the throne. The rebellion is easily defeated
55	1716	1716: The Septennial Act sets General Elections to be held every seven years
56	1717	1717: Townshend is dismissed from government by George I, causing Walpole to resign. The Whig party is split. Convocation is suspended
57	1719	1719: South Sea Bubble bursts, leaving many investors ruined after speculating with stock of the 'South Sea Company'
58	1721	1721: Sir Robert Walpole Prime Minister to 1742 (Whig) 1721: Sir Robert Walpole returns to government as First Lord of the Treasury. He remains in office until 1742 and effectively becomes Britain's first Prime Minister
59	1722	1722: First written reference to Stilton cheese in William Stukeley?s Itinerarium Curiosum, letter V 1722: Death of the Duke of Marlborough. The Jacobite 'Atterbury Plot' is hatched
60	1726	1726: First circulating library in Britain opens in Edinburgh. Jonathan Swift publishes his 'Gulliver's Travels'
61	1727	1727: Death of Sir Isaac Newton and of King George I (in Hanover). The latter is succeeded by his son as King George II 1727: The Gentleman's Magazine', first modern magazine, published
62	1728	1728: Pierre Fauchard, in 'The Surgeon Dentist', described preventive measures to keep teeth healthy as well as inventing the word 'dentist.'
63	1729	1729: Alexander Pope publishes his ' Dunciad'
64	1730	1730: A split occurs between Walpole and Townshend
65	1732	1732: A royal charter is granted for the founding of Georgia in America
66	1733	1733: The 'Excise Crisis' occurs and Walpole is forced to abandon his plans to reorganise the customs and excise
67	1736	1736: John Harrison finished building and tested at sea what proved to be the first accurate chronometer for timing longitude
68	1737	1737: Death of King George II's wife, Queen Caroline
69	1738	1738: John and Charles Wesley start the Methodist movement in Britain
70	1739	1739: Britain goes to war with Spain in the 'War of Jenkins' Ear'. The cause: Captain Jenkins' ear was claimed to have been cut off during a Naval Skirmish
71	1740	1740: Commencement of the War of Austrian Succession in Europe
72	1742	1742: Spencer Compton, Earl of Wilmington Prime Minister until 1743 (Whig) 1742: Beginning with a bull calf from the cow 'Silver' and two cows, 'Pidgeon' and 'Mottle' (inherited from his father's estate), Benjamin Tomkins is credited with founding the Hereford breed. 1742: Walpole resigns as Prime Minister
73	1743	1743: Henry Pelham Prime Minister until 1754 (Whig) 1743: George II leads British troops into battle at Dettingen in Bavaria
74	1744	1744: Ministry of Pelham
75	1745	1745: Jacobite Rebellion in Scotland led by 'Bonnie Prince Charlie'. There is a Scottish victory at Prestonpans
76	1746	1746: The Duke of Cumberland crushes the Scottish Jacobites at the Battle of Culloden
77	1747	1747: Yorkshire pudding mentioned in recipes
78	1748	1748: The Peace of Aix-la-Chapelle brings the War of Austrian Succession to a close
79	1750	1750: The grapefruit was first described by Griffith Hughes as the "forbidden fruit" of Barbados
80	1751	1751: Benjamin Franklin published 'Experiments and Observations on Electricity' after several years of experiments done with several friends. In this book Franklin suggested an experiment to prove that lightning is a large-scale electrical discharge, a task which later he took upon himself, using a kite. This led to the invention of the lightning rod. 1751: Death of Frederick, Prince of Wales. His son, Prince George, becomes heir to the throne
81	1752	1752: James Lind called attention to the value of fresh fruit in the prevention of scurvy 1752: Ren? Antoine Ferchault de R?aumur showed by experiment that gastric juice liquifies meat. 1752: Adoption of the Gregorian Calendar in Britain
82	1753	1753: Parliament passes the Jewish Naturalization Bill
83	1754	1754: The ministry of Newcastle

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