Timeline: BRUNK, Martha Ann: Byrne and Asimov Genealogy and Family Histories

1850 - 1920 (70 years)

	Date	Event(s)
1	1850	1850: American Joel Houghton invented the first dishwasher. He made it out of wood, and gave it a hand-turned wheel that splashed water on the dishes inside. It didn't really work, but it did get the first "dishwasher" patent 1850: First machine-made paper bag
2	1851	1851: The Great Exhibition is staged in Hyde Park. Thanks to Prince Albert, it is a great success 1851: Patent for Singer sewing machine issued
3	1852	1852: Death of the Duke of Wellington. Derby's first minority Conservative government. Aberdeen's coalition government is established
4	1853	1853: Potato crisps invented by a cook named George Crum. 1853: Florence Nightingale first recommended the regimen of cleanliness which dramatically reduced the death rate in hospitals 1853: Vaccination against smallpox is made compulsory. Queen Victoria uses chloroform during birth of Prince Leopold. Gladstone presents his first budget
5	1854	1854: The Northcote-Trevelyan civil service report is published; and The Crimean War begins, as Britain and France attempt to defend European interests in the Middle East against Russia
6	1855	1855: John Snow, investigating London's piped water supply, showed graphically that cholera could be transmitted by water from a particular pump. 1855: End of Aberdeen's coalition government. Palmerston's first government comes to power 1855: Yale lock invented
7	1856	1856: Crimean War comes to an end. The Victoria Cross is instituted for military bravery
8	1857	1857: Cyrus Field made his first attempt at laying a trans-Atlantic telegraph cable. In 1866, his fourth attempt was successful. 1857: The Second Opium War opens China to European trade. The Indian Mutiny erupts against British Rule on the sub-continent
9	1858	1858: Derby establishes his second minority government. Parliament passes the India Act 1858: Eraser fitted to end of pencil
10	1859	1859: Darwin in 'On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection or the Preservation of Favored Races in the Struggle for Life', asserted all life had a common ancestor and that the origin of species was natural selection 1859: End of Derby's second minority government. Palmerston brings his second Liberal government to power. 1859: Smiles' 'Self-Help' published
11	1860	1860: Joseph Wilson Swan invented the light bulb, an incandescent lamp using a carbon filament. 1860: Gladstone's budget and the Anglo-French Cobden Treaty codifies and extends the principles of free trade
12	1861	1861: Ignaz Philipp Semmelweis published his deduction that childbirth fever was transmitted on the hands of doctors during their examinations 1861: Death of Prince Albert, Prince Consort
13	1862	1862: Pasteur published the 'germ theory:': Infection is caused by self-replicating microorganisms, and that attenuated viral cultures granted immunity. These beneficent antigens he named 'vaccines' in honor of Jenner and his vaccinia virus 1862: Parliament passes the Limited Liability Act in order to provide vital stimulus to accumulation of capital in shares
14	1863	1863: Edward, Prince of Wales, marries Princess Alexandra of Denmark. The Salvation Army is founded
15	1865	1865: Lister, using carbolic acid as antiseptic and sterilizing his instrument, proved the efficacy of antiseptic surgery 1865: Death of Palmerston. Russell establishes his second Liberal government 1865: Lewis Carroll publishes 'Alice's Adventure in Wonderland'
16	1866	1866: Gregor Mendel, in "Versuche ?ber Pflantenhybriden," interpreted heredity in terms of a pairing of dominant and/or recessive unit characters; that is, ones that could in practice be treated as indivisible and independent particles 1866: Alfred Nobel patented dynamite 1866: Russell and Gladstone fail to have their moderate Reform Bill passed in parliament. Derby takes power in his third minority Conservative government
17	1867	1867: Karl Marx, in Das Kapital, maintained the value, or exchange relation, of commodities is characterized by its alienation from its use-value, and thus its value as the product of human labor, which the capitalist treats as a variable and against which he accounts his surplus. 1867: Derby and Disraeli's Second Reform Bill doubles the franchise to two million. Canada becomes the first independent dominion in the British Empire under the Dominion of Canada Act
18	1868	1868: Disraeli succeeds Derby as Prime Minister. Gladstone becomes Prime Minister for the first time
19	1869	1869: George M. Beard distinguished 'neurasthenia,' a nervous disease of men, from hysteria, a women's disease, as, in an earlier time, men's 'hypochondriasis' had been distinguished from women's ' vapeurs.' Subforms of neurasthenia came to be called phobias. 1869: The Irish Church is disestablished. The Suez Canal is opened
20	1870	1870: Primary education becomes compulsory in Britain through the Forster-Ripon English Elementary Education Act. Parliament also passes the Women's Property Act, extending the rights of married women, and the Irish Land Act 1870: First British postcard devised by Anthony Trollope 1870: Wheeler introduces toilet paper roll in US 1870: Inauguration of London to Calcutta telegraph line, first electronic link between Europe and India
21	1871	1871: Trade Unions are legalized
22	1872	1872: Secret voting is introduced for elections. Parliament passes the Scottish Education Act
23	1873	1873: Gladstone's government resigns after the defeat of their Irish Universities Bill. Disraeli declines to take up office instead 1873: Parmalee invents automatic fire sprinklers
24	1874	1874: Disraeli becomes Conservative Prime Minister for the second time
25	1875	1875: Disraeli purchases a controlling interest for Britain in the Suez Canal. Agricultural depression increases 1875: Parliament passes R.A. Cross's Conservative social reforms
26	1876	1876: Alexander Graham Bell invented the telephone. 1876: Nikolas August Otto designed the first four-stroke piston engine 1876: Queen Victoria becomes Empress of India. The massacre of Christians in Turkish Bulgaria leads to anti-Turkish campaigns in Britain, led by Gladstone
27	1877	1877: Confederation of British and Boer states established in South Africa
28	1878	1878: The Congress of Berlin is held. Disraeli announces 'peace with honour' 1878: Edweard Muybridge photographs horse in motion
29	1879	1879: A trade depression emerges in Britain. The Zulu War is fought in South Africa. The British are defeated at Isandhlwana, but are victorious at Ulundi 1879: Gladstone's Midlothian campaign denounces imperialism in South Africa and Afghanistan
30	1880	1880: Gladstone establishes his second Liberal government 1880: The first Anglo-Boer War begins
31	1881	1881: Savoy Theatre introduces electric lighting 1881: Parliament passes the Irish Land and Coercion Acts 1881: Death of Billy the Kid
32	1882	1882: Britain occupies Egypt. A triple alliance is established between Germany, Austria and Italy 1882: Standard Oil controls 95% of the U.S. oil refining capacity 1882: Stillwell invents brown paper bag
33	1884	1884: Freud published a paper in which he found cocaine, an alkaloid in coca, effective against fatigue and neurasthenia. 1884: Hilaire de Chardonnet invented the first artificial textile, which was made from cellulose. It was later named rayon 1884: Parliament passes the third Reform Act which further extends the franchise
34	1885	1885: Death of General Gordon at Khartoum. Burma is annexed. Salisbury succeeds Gladstone with his first minority Conservative government. Parliament passes the Redistribution Act
35	1886	1886: Gladstone's third Liberal government fails to pass its first Irish Home Rule Bill through the House of Commons. Gladstone resigns as Prime Minister. Split in the Liberal Party. Salisbury establishes his second Conservative-Liberal-Unionist government. The Royal Niger Company is chartered. Gold is discovered in the Transvaal 1886: Statue of Liberty erected in New York Harbour 1886: Coca-Cola syrup invented
36	1887	1887: Emile Berliner patents the gramophone 1887: Queen Victoria celebrates her Golden Jubilee. The Independent Labour Party is founded. The British East Africa Company is chartered 1887: UK telegraph companies control 107,000 miles of submarine cable 1887: There are estimated to be 5,400 cash registers in US (increases to 16,900 in 1890)
37	1888	1888: Celluloid photographic film introduced 1888: The County Councils' Act establishes representative county based authorities 1888: Kodak box camera 1888: Coin-operated public telephone
38	1889	1889: London Dockers' Strike. The British South Africa Company is chartered 1889: The Eiffel Tower, designed by French engineer Alexandre Gustave Eiffel, is completed for the Paris Exposition. 1889: First Official Secrets Act in UK
39	1892	1892: Leon Bouly invents cinematographic film camera 1892: Gladstone forms his fourth Liberal government
40	1893	1893: Whitcomb L. Judson invented the zip to help a friend with a stiff back who could not bend over to do up his shoes 1893: Second Irish Home Rule Bill fails to pass the House of Lords 1893: New Zealand becomes the first nation to grant women the right to vote 1893: Car number plates introduced in France
41	1894	1894: Rosebery takes power with his minority Liberal government
42	1895	1895: Oscar Wilde jailed 1895: Wilhelm Conrad R?ntgen, using a Crookes' tube, observed a new form of penetrating radiation, which he named X-rays 1895: Guglielmo Marconi sent longwave wireless telegraphic, or radio, signals over a distance of more than a mile 1895: Salisbury forms his third Unionist ministry 1895: Kellogg's Corn Flakes go on sale
43	1896	1896: Freud suggested analyzing childhood conflicts in the study of neuroses. He also devised a psychoanalytic technique called 'free association' which allows emotionally-charged, repressed material to be consciously recognized 1896: The British conquest of the Sudan begins 1896: Lightner Witmer establishes at the University of Pennsylvania a clinic of psychology, the first psychological clinic in America and perhaps in the world
44	1897	1897: Queen Victoria celebrates her Diamond Jubilee 1897: Telephone penetration in US is 7 per 1,000 people
45	1898	1898: Christopher Latham Sholes patented the typewriter. His QWERTY keyboard is still with us today. 1898: British rule over Sudan fully established. German Naval expansion begins 1898: Campbell's soups first appear with red and white labels, colors suggested by Cornell University's football uniforms.
46	1899	1899: British disasters in South Africa 1899: Boer War begins in South Africa and lasts three years
47	1900	1900: Salisbury wins the 'Khaki' election. The Labour Representation Committee is formed. Parliament passes the Commonwealth of Australia Act 1900: Max Planck proposes quantum theory 1900: There are reckoned to be 6,000 accountants in England 1900: Australia Becomes a Commonwealth 1900: Boxer Rebellion in China 1900: Italy's King Assassinated 1900: Kodak Introduces $1 Brownie Cameras 1900: Max Planck Formulates Quantum Theory 1900: Sigmund Freud Publishes The Interpretation of Dreams
48	1901	1901: Willis H. Carrier invented the industrial air conditioner 1901: Vacuum Cleaner invented by Hubert Cecil Booth 1901: Death of Queen Victoria. She is succeeded by her son, Prince Albert, as King Edward VII 1901: Marconi sends wireless message from Cornwall to Newfoundland 1901: First Nobel Prizes Awarded 1901: First Trans-Atlantic Radio Signal 1901: U.S. President McKinley Assassinated
49	1902	1902: Invention of the Teddy Bear 1902: Boer War Ends 1902: Mount Pel?e Erupts 1902: The Teddy Bear is Introduced
50	1903	1903: Orville Wright and Wilbur Wright achieved flight in a manned, gasoline power-driven, heavier-than-air flying machine. 1903: First Flight at Kitty Hawk 1903: First Message to Travel Around the World 1903: First Silent Movie, The Great Train Robbery 1903: Plague in India
51	1904	1904: First telephone answering machine 1904: Beatrix Potter's 'The Tale of Benjamin Bunny' is published 1904: First Popular American Film 1904: Ground Broken on Panama Canal 1904: New York City Subway Opens 1904: Russo-Japanese War Begins 1904: Trans-Siberian Railway Completed
52	1905	1905: Einstein evolved the Special Theory of relativity. 1905: Aliens Act in Britain tries to control immigration 1905: Bloody Sunday - Russian Revolution of 1905 1905: Einstein Proposes His Theory of Relativity 1905: Freud Publishes His Theory of Sexuality
53	1906	1906: Finland First European Country to Give Women the Right to Vote 1906: Kellogg's Starts Selling Corn Flakes 1906: San Francisco Earthquake 1906: Upton Sinclair Writes The Jungle
54	1907	1907: Electric washing machine - The Thor - on sale 1907: Ten Rules of War Established at the Second Hague Peace Conference 1907: First Electric Washing Machine 1907: Picasso Introduces Cubism 1907: Typhoid Mary Captured for the First Time
55	1908	1908: Henry Ford created the Model T automobile 1908: Electric iron and toaster patented 1908: Earthquake in Italy Kills 150,000 1908: Ford Introduces the Model-T 1908: Three Year-Old Pu Yi Becomes Emperor of China 1908: Turks Revolt in the Ottoman Empire
56	1909	1909: French Engineer Louis Bleriot is first to cross the English Channel in an airplane 1909: Pianos reach maximum market penetration in UK households at one per ten people 1909: 800 million postcards sold in England 1909: Japan's Prince Ito is Assassinated 1909: Plastic Is Invented 1909: Robert Peary Becomes the First to Reach the North Pole
57	1910	1910: Georges Claude discovered that electricity conducted through a tube of the rare inert gas, neon, gives a bright red glow and that other gases gave off other colors, e.g., argon gives blue, helium gives yellow and white, etc. 1910: First live opera broadcast 1910: Halley's Comet Makes an Appearance 1910: The Tango Catches On
58	1911	1911: British National Insurance Act lays foundation for health and unemployment insurance 1911: The Chinese Revolution 1911: Ernest Rutherford Discovers the Structure of an Atom 1911: Greenwich Mean Time Adopted 1911: The Incan City of Machu Picchu Discovered 1911: Mona Lisa Is Stolen 1911: Roald Amundsen Reaches the South Pole 1911: Standard Oil Company Broken Up 1911: Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Catches on Fire
59	1912	1912: The Sinking of the Titanic 1,515 people lose their lives. 1912: Parachutes Invented 1912: Piltdown Man, the 'Missing Link,' Discovered (Fraud) 1912: SOS Accepted as Universal Distress Signal 1912: The Titanic Sinks
60	1913	1913: Leo Baekeland invented a plastic laminate, known as Bakelite, and later as 'formica'. 1913: First assembly line introduced in Ford automobile factory 1913: The "Armory Show," an international display of some 1600 works of modern art, and one of the more important U.S. art exhibitions ever held, opens at the 69th-regiment armory in New York City; it arouses public curiosity, generates sensational news coverage, and helps change the direction of American art 1913: First Crossword Puzzle 1913: Henry Ford Creates Assembly Line 1913: Personal Income Tax Introduced in U.S.
61	1914	1914: First World War starts 1914: Archduke Ferdinand Assassinated 1914: Battle of the Marne 1914: Charlie Chaplin First Appeared as the Little Tramp 1914: First Traffic Light 1914: Panama Canal Officially Opened 1914: World War I Begins
62	1915	1915: Armenian Genocide 1915: D.W. Griffith's The Birth of a Nation Released 1915: Germans Use Poison Gas as a Weapon 1915: Lusitania Sunk by German U-Boat 1915: Second Battle of Ypres
63	1916	1916: Navy employs animal trainer 'Captain' Joseph Woodward's music hall sea lions for U-boat sabotage. 1916: Coca-Cola adopts a distinctive bottle which identifies the company internationally 1916: Battle of the Somme 1916: Battle of Verdun 1916: Easter Rising in Ireland 1916: First Self-Service Grocery Store Opens in U.S.
64	1917	1917: Bolshevik revolution in Russia installs a new government headed by V.I. Lennin 1917: French artist Marcel Duchamp submits a porcelain urinal, signed "R. Mutt" and titled "Fountain," to the New York Independents Exhibition; it is rejected. 1917: First Pulitzer Prizes Awarded 1917: Mata Hari Executed for Being a Spy 1917: Russian Revolution 1917: U.S. Enters World War I
65	1918	1918: Influenza Epidemic 1918: Russian Czar Nicholas II and His Family are Killed
66	1919	1919: Eddington and Frank W. Dyson measured the bending of starlight by the gravitational pull of the sun, thus confirming Einstein's general theory of relativity 1919: Prohibition Begins in the U.S. 1919: Treaty of Versailles Ends World War I
67	1920	1920: Bubonic Plague in India 1920: League of Nations Established

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