Timeline: PRAY, Frank Pierce: Byrne and Asimov Genealogy and Family Histories

Abt 1857 - 1897 (40 years)

	Date	Event(s)
1	1857	1857: Cyrus Field made his first attempt at laying a trans-Atlantic telegraph cable. In 1866, his fourth attempt was successful. 1857: The Second Opium War opens China to European trade. The Indian Mutiny erupts against British Rule on the sub-continent
2	1858	1858: Derby establishes his second minority government. Parliament passes the India Act 1858: Eraser fitted to end of pencil
3	1859	1859: Darwin in 'On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection or the Preservation of Favored Races in the Struggle for Life', asserted all life had a common ancestor and that the origin of species was natural selection 1859: End of Derby's second minority government. Palmerston brings his second Liberal government to power. 1859: Smiles' 'Self-Help' published
4	1860	1860: Joseph Wilson Swan invented the light bulb, an incandescent lamp using a carbon filament. 1860: Gladstone's budget and the Anglo-French Cobden Treaty codifies and extends the principles of free trade
5	1861	1861: Ignaz Philipp Semmelweis published his deduction that childbirth fever was transmitted on the hands of doctors during their examinations 1861: Death of Prince Albert, Prince Consort
6	1862	1862: Pasteur published the 'germ theory:': Infection is caused by self-replicating microorganisms, and that attenuated viral cultures granted immunity. These beneficent antigens he named 'vaccines' in honor of Jenner and his vaccinia virus 1862: Parliament passes the Limited Liability Act in order to provide vital stimulus to accumulation of capital in shares
7	1863	1863: Edward, Prince of Wales, marries Princess Alexandra of Denmark. The Salvation Army is founded
8	1865	1865: Lister, using carbolic acid as antiseptic and sterilizing his instrument, proved the efficacy of antiseptic surgery 1865: Death of Palmerston. Russell establishes his second Liberal government 1865: Lewis Carroll publishes 'Alice's Adventure in Wonderland'
9	1866	1866: Gregor Mendel, in "Versuche ?ber Pflantenhybriden," interpreted heredity in terms of a pairing of dominant and/or recessive unit characters; that is, ones that could in practice be treated as indivisible and independent particles 1866: Alfred Nobel patented dynamite 1866: Russell and Gladstone fail to have their moderate Reform Bill passed in parliament. Derby takes power in his third minority Conservative government
10	1867	1867: Karl Marx, in Das Kapital, maintained the value, or exchange relation, of commodities is characterized by its alienation from its use-value, and thus its value as the product of human labor, which the capitalist treats as a variable and against which he accounts his surplus. 1867: Derby and Disraeli's Second Reform Bill doubles the franchise to two million. Canada becomes the first independent dominion in the British Empire under the Dominion of Canada Act
11	1868	1868: Disraeli succeeds Derby as Prime Minister. Gladstone becomes Prime Minister for the first time
12	1869	1869: George M. Beard distinguished 'neurasthenia,' a nervous disease of men, from hysteria, a women's disease, as, in an earlier time, men's 'hypochondriasis' had been distinguished from women's ' vapeurs.' Subforms of neurasthenia came to be called phobias. 1869: The Irish Church is disestablished. The Suez Canal is opened
13	1870	1870: Primary education becomes compulsory in Britain through the Forster-Ripon English Elementary Education Act. Parliament also passes the Women's Property Act, extending the rights of married women, and the Irish Land Act 1870: First British postcard devised by Anthony Trollope 1870: Wheeler introduces toilet paper roll in US 1870: Inauguration of London to Calcutta telegraph line, first electronic link between Europe and India
14	1871	1871: Trade Unions are legalized
15	1872	1872: Secret voting is introduced for elections. Parliament passes the Scottish Education Act
16	1873	1873: Gladstone's government resigns after the defeat of their Irish Universities Bill. Disraeli declines to take up office instead 1873: Parmalee invents automatic fire sprinklers
17	1874	1874: Disraeli becomes Conservative Prime Minister for the second time
18	1875	1875: Disraeli purchases a controlling interest for Britain in the Suez Canal. Agricultural depression increases 1875: Parliament passes R.A. Cross's Conservative social reforms
19	1876	1876: Alexander Graham Bell invented the telephone. 1876: Nikolas August Otto designed the first four-stroke piston engine 1876: Queen Victoria becomes Empress of India. The massacre of Christians in Turkish Bulgaria leads to anti-Turkish campaigns in Britain, led by Gladstone
20	1877	1877: Confederation of British and Boer states established in South Africa
21	1878	1878: The Congress of Berlin is held. Disraeli announces 'peace with honour' 1878: Edweard Muybridge photographs horse in motion
22	1879	1879: A trade depression emerges in Britain. The Zulu War is fought in South Africa. The British are defeated at Isandhlwana, but are victorious at Ulundi 1879: Gladstone's Midlothian campaign denounces imperialism in South Africa and Afghanistan
23	1880	1880: Gladstone establishes his second Liberal government 1880: The first Anglo-Boer War begins
24	1881	1881: Savoy Theatre introduces electric lighting 1881: Parliament passes the Irish Land and Coercion Acts 1881: Death of Billy the Kid
25	1882	1882: Britain occupies Egypt. A triple alliance is established between Germany, Austria and Italy 1882: Standard Oil controls 95% of the U.S. oil refining capacity 1882: Stillwell invents brown paper bag
26	1884	1884: Freud published a paper in which he found cocaine, an alkaloid in coca, effective against fatigue and neurasthenia. 1884: Hilaire de Chardonnet invented the first artificial textile, which was made from cellulose. It was later named rayon 1884: Parliament passes the third Reform Act which further extends the franchise
27	1885	1885: Death of General Gordon at Khartoum. Burma is annexed. Salisbury succeeds Gladstone with his first minority Conservative government. Parliament passes the Redistribution Act
28	1886	1886: Gladstone's third Liberal government fails to pass its first Irish Home Rule Bill through the House of Commons. Gladstone resigns as Prime Minister. Split in the Liberal Party. Salisbury establishes his second Conservative-Liberal-Unionist government. The Royal Niger Company is chartered. Gold is discovered in the Transvaal 1886: Statue of Liberty erected in New York Harbour 1886: Coca-Cola syrup invented
29	1887	1887: Emile Berliner patents the gramophone 1887: Queen Victoria celebrates her Golden Jubilee. The Independent Labour Party is founded. The British East Africa Company is chartered 1887: UK telegraph companies control 107,000 miles of submarine cable 1887: There are estimated to be 5,400 cash registers in US (increases to 16,900 in 1890)
30	1888	1888: Celluloid photographic film introduced 1888: The County Councils' Act establishes representative county based authorities 1888: Kodak box camera 1888: Coin-operated public telephone
31	1889	1889: London Dockers' Strike. The British South Africa Company is chartered 1889: The Eiffel Tower, designed by French engineer Alexandre Gustave Eiffel, is completed for the Paris Exposition. 1889: First Official Secrets Act in UK
32	1892	1892: Leon Bouly invents cinematographic film camera 1892: Gladstone forms his fourth Liberal government
33	1893	1893: Whitcomb L. Judson invented the zip to help a friend with a stiff back who could not bend over to do up his shoes 1893: Second Irish Home Rule Bill fails to pass the House of Lords 1893: New Zealand becomes the first nation to grant women the right to vote 1893: Car number plates introduced in France
34	1894	1894: Rosebery takes power with his minority Liberal government
35	1895	1895: Oscar Wilde jailed 1895: Wilhelm Conrad R?ntgen, using a Crookes' tube, observed a new form of penetrating radiation, which he named X-rays 1895: Guglielmo Marconi sent longwave wireless telegraphic, or radio, signals over a distance of more than a mile 1895: Salisbury forms his third Unionist ministry 1895: Kellogg's Corn Flakes go on sale
36	1896	1896: Freud suggested analyzing childhood conflicts in the study of neuroses. He also devised a psychoanalytic technique called 'free association' which allows emotionally-charged, repressed material to be consciously recognized 1896: The British conquest of the Sudan begins 1896: Lightner Witmer establishes at the University of Pennsylvania a clinic of psychology, the first psychological clinic in America and perhaps in the world
37	1897	1897: Queen Victoria celebrates her Diamond Jubilee 1897: Telephone penetration in US is 7 per 1,000 people

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