Timeline: POWERS, Martha: Byrne and Asimov Genealogy and Family Histories

1770 -

	Date	Event(s)
1	1770	1770: Lord North begins service as Prime Minister. The Falkland Island Crisis occurs. Edmund Burke publishes his 'Thoughts on the Present Discontents' 1770: James Cook documents the location of Australia 1770: Gum pencil eraser invented
2	1771	1771: The Encyclopedia Britannica is first published
3	1773	1773: American colonists protest at the East India Company's monopoly over tea exports to the colonies, at the so-called 'Boston Tea Party'. The World's first cast-iron bridge is constructed over the River Severn at Coalbrookdale
4	1774	1774: Franz Anton Mesmer began the psychotherapeutic practive of hypnotism, which he called 'animal magnetism' and conceived it to be an actual fluid. Apparently he had some success with psychosomatic illnesses. Part of his technique seems to have been used earlier by exorcists. 1774: Parliament passes the Coercive Acts in retaliation for the 'Boston Tea Party'
5	1775	1775: American War of Independence begins when colonists fight British troops at Lexington.
6	1776	1776: Adam Smith, in 'The Wealth of Nations', advanced the idea that businesses survive through successful trading in pursuit of their self-interest, and that the resulting equilibrium was not by design. 1776: On 4 JUL, the American Congress passes their Declaration of Independence from Britain. Edward Gibbons' publishes his 'Decline and Fall'
7	1778	1778: Cook explores Hawaiian Islands. He fails to locate Northwest Passage from Alaskan side and is killed in Hawaii the following year
8	1779	1779: The rise of Wyvill's Association Movement
9	1780	1780: The Gordon Riots develop from a procession to petition parliament against the Catholic Relief Act
10	1781	1781: Frederick William Herschel discovered the planet Uranus by its movement, although at the time he supposed it to be a comet 1781: The Americans obtain a great victory of British troops at the surrender of Yorktown
11	1782	1782: End of Lord North's time as Prime Minister. He is succeeded by Rockingham in his second ministry. Ireland obtains short-lived parliament
12	1783	1783: William Bentinck, Duke of Portland Prime minister (Whig) 1783: Joseph Michel Montgolfier and Jacques ?tienne Montgolfier invented the first practical hot air balloon. 1783: Shelburne's ministry, followed by that of William Pitt the Younger. Britain recognises American independence at the Peace of Versailles. Fox-North coalition established
13	1784	1784: Parliament passes the East India Act 1784: First edition of 'The Times' newspaper
14	1785	1785: Pitt's motion for Parliamentary Reform is defeated
15	1786	1786: The Eden commercial treaty with France is drawn up
16	1788	1788: George III suffers his first attack of 'madness' (caused by porphyria)
17	1789	1789: Outbreak of the French Revolution
18	1790	1790: Edmund Burke publishes his 'Reflections on the Revolution in France'
19	1791	1791: The 'Celerifere', an early version of the bicycle, was built around by Comte Mede de Sivrac. It was basically a scooter with a high seat 1791: James Boswell publishes his 'Life of Johnson' an Thomas Paine, his 'Rights of Man'
20	1792	1792: Volta discovered he could arrange metals in a series in such a way that chemical energy is converted into electrical energy; that is, two dissimilar metals are submerged in an electrolyte and connected by an circuit and thereby exchange electrons. By 1800, he had invented the so-called voltaic cell, a pile of such metals "consisting of pairs of silver and zinc disks separated by pieces of moist cardboard" 1792: Coal gas is used for lighting for the first time. Mary Wollstonecraft publishes her 'Vindication of the Rights of Women'
21	1793	1793: Outbreak of War between Britain and France. The voluntary Board of Agriculture is set up. Commercial depression throughout Britain 1793: Speculative 'Canal Bubble' in UK bursts
22	1794	1794: Erasmus Darwin, Charles' grandfather, proposed that "warm-blooded animals have arisen from one living filament...possessing the faculty of continuing to improve by its own inherent activity, and of delivering those improvements by generation to its posterity." 1794: Eli Whitney patented the cotton gin 1794: Metric system introduced in France
23	1795	1795: The 'Speenhamland' system of outdoor relief is adopted, making wages up to equal the cost of subsistence
24	1796	1796: Edward Jenner investigated the folk tale that milk maids were immune to small pox, the virus variola major, and in a brief series of experiments confirmed that exposure to cow pox, the virus vaccinia, rendered immunity
25	1798	1798: Thomas Robert Malthus, in his Essay on the Principle of Population, contended that population increses by a geometric ratio whereas the means of subsistence increase by an arithmetic ratio. 1798: Introduction of a tax of ten percent on incomes over ?200.
26	1799	1799: Trade Unions are suppressed. Napoleon is appointed First Consul in France 1799: Three-year commercial boom in Britain begins
27	1800	1800: Act of Union with Ireland unites Parliaments of England and Ireland
28	1801	1801: Close of Pitt the Younger's Ministry. The first British Census is undertaken
29	1802	1802: Peace with France is established. Peel introduces the first factory legislation
30	1803	1803: Beginning of the Napoleonic Wars. Britain declares war on France. Parliament passes the General Enclosure Act, simplifying the process of enclosing common land
31	1805	1805: Ludolf Christian Treviranus said that spermatozoa were analogous to pollen 1805: Nelson destroys the French and Spanish fleets at the Battle of Trafalgar, but is killed in the process
32	1806	1806: Louis Nicolas Vauquelin and Pierre Jean Robiquet isolated the first amino acid, 'asparagine,' from asparagus.
33	1807	1807: William Bentinck, Duke of Portland Prime Minister to 1809 (Whig) 1807: Robert Fulton ushered in the era of self-propelled ships with his construction of a commercially viable paddle-wheel steamboat
34	1808	1808: Peninsular War to drive the French out of Spain (until 1814)
35	1809	1809: Two-year commercial boom in Britain
36	1810	1810: Final illness of George III begins
37	1811	1811: Depression caused by Orders of Council. There are Luddite disturbances in Nottinghamshire and Yorkshire. The King's illness leads to his son, the Prince of Wales, becoming Regent
38	1812	1812: Georges Cuvier, in 'Discours sur les r?volutions de la surface du globe', maintained the stratigraphic succession proved that fossils occur in the chronological order of creation: fish, amphibians, reptiles, and mammals. 1812: Prime Minister Spencer Perceval is assassinated in the House of Commons by a disgruntled bankrupt
39	1813	1813: Canned food was invented for the British Navy by Peter Durand. The cans were made of solid iron and usually weighed more than the food inside them 1813: Jane Austen's 'Pride and Prejudice' is published. The monopolies of the East India Company are abolished 1813: Can opener invented
40	1815	1815: The defeat of Napoleon Bonaparte at Waterloo marks the end of the Napoleonic Wars. Peace is established in Europe at the Congress of Vienna. The Corn Laws are passed by Parliament to protect British agriculture from cheap imports 1815: Start of two-year commercial boom in Britain
41	1817	1817: Economic slimp in Britain leads to the 'Blanketeers' March' and other disturbances
42	1818	1818: Death of the King's wife, Queen Caroline. Mary Shelley's publishes her 'Frankenstein'
43	1819	1819: Troops intervene at a mass political reform meeting in Manchester, killing and wounding four hundred people at the 'Peterloo Massacre'
44	1820	1820: Death of the blind and deranged King George III. He is succeeded by his son, the Prince Regent, who becomes King George IV. A radical plot to murder the Cabinet, known as the Cato Street Conspiracy, fails. Trial of Queen Caroline, in which George IV attempts to divorce her for adultery
45	1821	1821: Jean Fran?ois Champollion, employing the Rosetta Stone, established the principles for deciphering Egyptian hieroglyphics. 1821: Queen Caroline is excluded from the coronation 1821: Start of two years of famine in Ireland
46	1822	1822: First prototype Espresso machine (France)
47	1823	1823: The Royal Academy of Music is established in London. The British Museum is extended and extensively rebuilt to house an expanding collection
48	1824	1824: The National Gallery is established. Commercial boom in Britain
49	1825	1825: Nash reconstructs Buckingham Palace. The World's first railway service, the Stockton and Darlington Railway opens. Trade Unions are legalized. Commercial depression in Britain
50	1826	1826: One of the first print references to fondue written by Jean-Anthelme Brillat-Savarin in his 'Physiologie du Gout' 1826: French physicist Joseph Niepce makes the first known photograph, "View from a Window at Gras," via a "heliograph" process on a metal plate.
51	1828	1828: The Duke of Wellington becomes British Prime Minister
52	1829	1829: The Metropolitan Police Force is set up by Robert Peel. Parliament passes the Catholic Relief Act, ending most restrictions on Catholic Civil Rights. They are allowed to own property and run for public office, including parliament
53	1830	1830: Death of King George IV at Windsor. He is succeeded by his brother, William IV. Opening of the Liverpool and Manchester Railway. Rise of the Whigs, under Grey 1830: First major cholera epidemic in Britain starts and lasts two years.
54	1831	1831: Faraday , in the first in a series of Experimental Researches in Electricity, discovered the means of producing electricity from magnetism, i.e., electromagnetic induction, the generation of an electric field by a changing magnetic field. This is the principle of the dynamo 1831: Swing' Riots in rural areas against the mechanization of agricultural activities. The new London Bridge is opened over the River Thames
55	1832	1832: The first or great Reform Act is passed. This climax of a period of political reform extends the vote to a further 500,000 people and redistributes Parliamentary seats on a more equitable basis
56	1833	1833: Abolition of Slavery throughout the British Empire. Parliament passes the Factory Act, prohibiting children aged less than nine from working in factories, and reducing the working hours of women and older children. Start of the Oxford Movement in the Anglican Church
57	1834	1834: Charles Babbage designed a programmable mechanical calculating machine, or 'analytical engine,' that could carry out arithmetic operations specified on punch cards and choose the sequence of operations. Although the design was never built, Augusta Ada Byron wrote programs to demonstrate its potential power. 1834: Parliament passes the Poor Law Act, establishing workhouses for the poor. Robert Owen founds the Grand National Consolidated Trade Union. The government acts against 'illegal oaths' in such unionism, rsulting in the Tolpuddle Martyrs being transported to Australia. Fire destroys the Palace of Westminster
58	1835	1835: Parliament passes the Municipal Reform Act, requiring members of town councils to be elected by ratepayers and councils to publish their financial accounts 1835: Commercial boom with 'little' railway mania across Britain starts and continues into 1836
59	1837	1837: Death of King William IV at Windsor. He is succeeded by his niece, Victoria. Births, deaths and marriages must be registered by law. Charles Dickens publishes 'Oliver Twist,' drawing attention to Britain's poor.
60	1838	1838: The Anti-Corn Law League is established. Publication of the People's Charter. The start of Chartism
61	1839	1839: Chartist Riots take place 1839: First use of 'OK' in print? (in Boston Morning Post) 1839: Fox Talbot produces photographs from negatives
62	1840	1840: Queen Victoria marries Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha. The penny post is instituted 1840: There are reckoned to be 107 accountants in London
63	1841	1841: The first British Census recording the names of the populace is undertaken. The Tories come to power. Sir Robert Peel becomes Prime Minister
64	1842	1842: First Christmas card 1842: First UK public telegraph lines, from Paddington to Slough and Gosport to London
65	1843	1843: Alexander Bain (1818-1903) invented an early fax machine
66	1844	1844: Charles Darwin wrote, but didn't publish, an essay presaging the theory of the origin of species. 1844: Samuel Finley Breese Morse demonstrates a telegraph, using a code of his own invention 1844: Parliament passes the Bank Charter Act. Foundation of the Rochdale Co-Operative Society and the Royal Commission on the Health of Towns 1844: Two years of railway mania begins across Britain. Massive investment and speculation leads to the laying of 5,000 miles of track
67	1845	1845: Irish Potato Famine kills more than a million people in two years 1845: Engels publishes 'The Condition of the Working Class in England' 1845: There are reckoned to be 210 accountants in London
68	1846	1846: End of Sir Robert Peel's Ministry. Whigs come to Power. Repeal of the Corn Laws
69	1847	1847: Flourens discovered the anesthetic properties of chloroform 1847: Levi Strauss invents denim jeans
70	1848	1848: Major Chartist demonstration in London. Revolutions in Europe. Parliament passes the Public Health Act 1848: Karl Marx publishes 'The Communist Manifesto' and 'Das Kapital'
71	1849	1849: Howe patents the safety-pin
72	1850	1850: American Joel Houghton invented the first dishwasher. He made it out of wood, and gave it a hand-turned wheel that splashed water on the dishes inside. It didn't really work, but it did get the first "dishwasher" patent 1850: First machine-made paper bag
73	1851	1851: The Great Exhibition is staged in Hyde Park. Thanks to Prince Albert, it is a great success 1851: Patent for Singer sewing machine issued
74	1852	1852: Death of the Duke of Wellington. Derby's first minority Conservative government. Aberdeen's coalition government is established
75	1853	1853: Potato crisps invented by a cook named George Crum. 1853: Florence Nightingale first recommended the regimen of cleanliness which dramatically reduced the death rate in hospitals 1853: Vaccination against smallpox is made compulsory. Queen Victoria uses chloroform during birth of Prince Leopold. Gladstone presents his first budget
76	1854	1854: The Northcote-Trevelyan civil service report is published; and The Crimean War begins, as Britain and France attempt to defend European interests in the Middle East against Russia
77	1855	1855: John Snow, investigating London's piped water supply, showed graphically that cholera could be transmitted by water from a particular pump. 1855: End of Aberdeen's coalition government. Palmerston's first government comes to power 1855: Yale lock invented
78	1856	1856: Crimean War comes to an end. The Victoria Cross is instituted for military bravery
79	1857	1857: Cyrus Field made his first attempt at laying a trans-Atlantic telegraph cable. In 1866, his fourth attempt was successful. 1857: The Second Opium War opens China to European trade. The Indian Mutiny erupts against British Rule on the sub-continent
80	1858	1858: Derby establishes his second minority government. Parliament passes the India Act 1858: Eraser fitted to end of pencil
81	1859	1859: Darwin in 'On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection or the Preservation of Favored Races in the Struggle for Life', asserted all life had a common ancestor and that the origin of species was natural selection 1859: End of Derby's second minority government. Palmerston brings his second Liberal government to power. 1859: Smiles' 'Self-Help' published
82	1860	1860: Joseph Wilson Swan invented the light bulb, an incandescent lamp using a carbon filament. 1860: Gladstone's budget and the Anglo-French Cobden Treaty codifies and extends the principles of free trade
83	1861	1861: Ignaz Philipp Semmelweis published his deduction that childbirth fever was transmitted on the hands of doctors during their examinations 1861: Death of Prince Albert, Prince Consort
84	1862	1862: Pasteur published the 'germ theory:': Infection is caused by self-replicating microorganisms, and that attenuated viral cultures granted immunity. These beneficent antigens he named 'vaccines' in honor of Jenner and his vaccinia virus 1862: Parliament passes the Limited Liability Act in order to provide vital stimulus to accumulation of capital in shares
85	1863	1863: Edward, Prince of Wales, marries Princess Alexandra of Denmark. The Salvation Army is founded
86	1865	1865: Lister, using carbolic acid as antiseptic and sterilizing his instrument, proved the efficacy of antiseptic surgery 1865: Death of Palmerston. Russell establishes his second Liberal government 1865: Lewis Carroll publishes 'Alice's Adventure in Wonderland'
87	1866	1866: Gregor Mendel, in "Versuche ?ber Pflantenhybriden," interpreted heredity in terms of a pairing of dominant and/or recessive unit characters; that is, ones that could in practice be treated as indivisible and independent particles 1866: Alfred Nobel patented dynamite 1866: Russell and Gladstone fail to have their moderate Reform Bill passed in parliament. Derby takes power in his third minority Conservative government
88	1867	1867: Karl Marx, in Das Kapital, maintained the value, or exchange relation, of commodities is characterized by its alienation from its use-value, and thus its value as the product of human labor, which the capitalist treats as a variable and against which he accounts his surplus. 1867: Derby and Disraeli's Second Reform Bill doubles the franchise to two million. Canada becomes the first independent dominion in the British Empire under the Dominion of Canada Act
89	1868	1868: Disraeli succeeds Derby as Prime Minister. Gladstone becomes Prime Minister for the first time
90	1869	1869: George M. Beard distinguished 'neurasthenia,' a nervous disease of men, from hysteria, a women's disease, as, in an earlier time, men's 'hypochondriasis' had been distinguished from women's ' vapeurs.' Subforms of neurasthenia came to be called phobias. 1869: The Irish Church is disestablished. The Suez Canal is opened
91	1870	1870: Primary education becomes compulsory in Britain through the Forster-Ripon English Elementary Education Act. Parliament also passes the Women's Property Act, extending the rights of married women, and the Irish Land Act 1870: First British postcard devised by Anthony Trollope 1870: Wheeler introduces toilet paper roll in US 1870: Inauguration of London to Calcutta telegraph line, first electronic link between Europe and India
92	1871	1871: Trade Unions are legalized
93	1872	1872: Secret voting is introduced for elections. Parliament passes the Scottish Education Act
94	1873	1873: Gladstone's government resigns after the defeat of their Irish Universities Bill. Disraeli declines to take up office instead 1873: Parmalee invents automatic fire sprinklers
95	1874	1874: Disraeli becomes Conservative Prime Minister for the second time
96	1875	1875: Disraeli purchases a controlling interest for Britain in the Suez Canal. Agricultural depression increases 1875: Parliament passes R.A. Cross's Conservative social reforms
97	1876	1876: Alexander Graham Bell invented the telephone. 1876: Nikolas August Otto designed the first four-stroke piston engine 1876: Queen Victoria becomes Empress of India. The massacre of Christians in Turkish Bulgaria leads to anti-Turkish campaigns in Britain, led by Gladstone
98	1877	1877: Confederation of British and Boer states established in South Africa
99	1878	1878: The Congress of Berlin is held. Disraeli announces 'peace with honour' 1878: Edweard Muybridge photographs horse in motion
100	1879	1879: A trade depression emerges in Britain. The Zulu War is fought in South Africa. The British are defeated at Isandhlwana, but are victorious at Ulundi 1879: Gladstone's Midlothian campaign denounces imperialism in South Africa and Afghanistan
101	1880	1880: Gladstone establishes his second Liberal government 1880: The first Anglo-Boer War begins

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